Appendix:Ido Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Ido, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
No. English Ido
Ido
IPA
pronunciation
1 I me /me/
2 you (singular) vu, tu (familiar) /vu/, /tu/
3 he ilu, il /ˈi.lu/, /il/
4 we ni /ni/
5 you (plural) vi /vi/
6 they li, ili (masculine), eli (feminine) /li/, /ˈi.li/, /ˈe.li/
7 this ica, ca /ˈi.t͡sa/, /t͡sa/
8 that ita, ta /ˈi.ta/, /ta/
9 here hike /ˈhi.ke/
10 there ibe /ˈi.be/
11 who qua /kwa/
12 what quo /kwo/
13 where ube /ˈu.be/
14 when kande /ˈkan.de/
15 how quale /ˈkwa.le/
16 not ne /ne/
17 all omna /ˈom.na/
18 many multa /ˈmul.ta/
19 some kelka /ˈkel.ka/
20 few poka /ˈpo.ka/
21 other altra /ˈal.tɾa/
22 one un /un/
23 two du /du/
24 three tri /tɾi/
25 four quar /kwaɾ/
26 five kin /kin/
27 big granda /ˈɡɾan.da/
28 long longa /ˈlo.ŋa/
29 wide larja /ˈlaɾ.ʒa/
30 thick dika /ˈdi.ka/
31 heavy grava /ˈɡɾa.va/
32 small mikra /ˈmi.kɾa/
33 short kurta /ˈkuɾ.ta/
34 narrow streta /ˈstɾe.ta/
35 thin dina /ˈdi.na/
36 woman muliero, homino /mu.li.ˈe.ɾo/
37 man (male) viro, homulo /ˈvi.ɾo/
38 man (human) homo /ˈho.mo/
39 child infanto (0–7), puero (7–15) /in.ˈfan.to/
40 wife spozino /spoz.ˈin.o/
41 husband spozulo /spoz.ˈul.o/
42 mother matro, patrino /ˈma.tɾo/
43 father patro, patrulo /ˈpa.tɾo/
44 animal animalo /a.ni.ˈmal.o/
45 fish fisho /ˈfi.ʃo/
46 bird ucelo /u.ˈt͡se.lo/
47 dog hundo /ˈhun.do/
48 louse lauso /ˈlaw.so/
49 snake serpento /seɾ.ˈpen.to/
50 worm vermo /veɾ.ˈmo/
51 tree arboro /aɾ.ˈboɾ.o/
52 forest foresto /fo.ˈɾe.sto/
53 stick bastono /bas.ˈto.no/
54 fruit frukto /ˈfɾuk.to/
55 seed semino /se.ˈmin.o/
56 leaf folio /fo.ˈli.o/
57 root radiko /ɾa.ˈdik.o/
58 bark (of a tree) kortico /koɾ.ˈti.t͡so/
59 flower floro /ˈflo.ɾo/
60 grass herbo /ˈheɾ.bo/
61 rope kordo /ˈkoɾ.do/
62 skin pelo /ˈpe.lo/
63 meat karno /ˈkaɾ.no/
64 blood sango /ˈsa.ŋo/
65 bone osto /ˈos.to/
66 fat (noun) graso /ˈɡɾa.so/
67 egg ovo /ˈo.vo/
68 horn korno /ˈkoɾ.no/
69 tail kaudo /ˈkaw.do/
70 feather plumo /ˈplu.mo/
71 hair pelo (on body), haro (on head) /ˈha.ɾo/
72 head kapo /ˈka.po/
73 ear orelo /o.ˈɾe.lo/
74 eye okulo /o.ˈku.lo/
75 nose nazo /ˈna.zo/
76 mouth boko /ˈbo.ko/
77 tooth dento /ˈden.to/
78 tongue lango /ˈla.ŋo/
79 fingernail unglo /ˈuŋ.lo/
80 foot pedo /ˈpe.do/
81 leg gambo /ˈɡam.bo/
82 knee genuo /ɡe.ˈnu.o/
83 hand manuo /ma.ˈnu.o/
84 wing alo /ˈa.lo/
85 belly ventro /ˈven.tɾo/
86 guts intestini /in.test.ˈin.i/
87 neck kolo /ˈko.lo/
88 back dorso /ˈdoɾ.so/
89 breast pektoro, mamo /pek.ˈto.ɾo/, /ˈma.mo/
90 heart kordio /koɾ.ˈdi.o/
91 liver hepato /he.ˈpa.to/
92 to drink drinkar /dɾin.ˈkaɾ/
93 to eat manjar /man.ˈʒaɾ/
94 to bite mordar /moɾ.ˈdaɾ/
95 to suck sugar /su.ˈɡaɾ/
96 to spit sputar /spu.ˈtaɾ/
97 to vomit vomar /vo.ˈmaɾ/
98 to blow suflar /suf.ˈlaɾ/
99 to breathe respirar /ɾe.spi.ˈɾaɾ/
100 to laugh ridar /ɾi.ˈdaɾ/
101 to see vidar /vi.ˈdaɾ/
102 to hear audar /aw.ˈdaɾ/
103 to know konocar (a person), savar (a fact) /sa.ˈvaɾ/
104 to think pensar /pen.ˈsaɾ/
105 to smell flarar /fla.ˈɾaɾ/
106 to fear timar /ti.ˈmaɾ/
107 to sleep dormar /doɾ.ˈmaɾ/
108 to live vivar /vi.ˈvaɾ/
109 to die mortar /moɾ.ˈtaɾ/
110 to kill ocidar, mortigar /ot͡si.ˈdaɾ/, /moɾ.ti.ˈɡaɾ/
111 to fight kombatar /kom.ba.ˈtaɾ/
112 to hunt chasar /t͡ʃa.ˈsaɾ/
113 to hit frapar /fɾa.ˈpaɾ/
114 to cut tranchar /tɾan.ˈt͡ʃaɾ/
115 to split fendar /fen.ˈdaɾ/
116 to stab poniardagar /po.ni.aɾd.aɡ.ˈaɾ/
117 to scratch gratar, skrachar /ɡɾa.ˈtaɾ/, /skɾa.ˈt͡ʃaɾ/
118 to dig fodar /fo.ˈdaɾ/
119 to swim natar /na.ˈtaɾ/
120 to fly flugar /flu.ˈɡaɾ/
121 to walk marchar, promenar /maɾ.ˈt͡ʃaɾ/, /pɾo.me.ˈnaɾ/
122 to come venar /ve.ˈnaɾ/
123 to lie (as in a bed) jacar /ʒa.ˈt͡saɾ/
124 to sit sidar /si.ˈdaɾ/
125 to stand stacar /sta.ˈt͡saɾ/
126 to turn (intransitive) turnar /tuɾ.ˈnaɾ/
127 to fall falar /fa.ˈlaɾ/
128 to give donar /do.ˈnaɾ/
129 to hold tenar /te.ˈnaɾ/
130 to squeeze klemar /kle.ˈmaɾ/
131 to rub frotar, fricionar /fɾo.ˈtaɾ/, /fɾi.t͡si.o.ˈnaɾ/
132 to wash lavar /la.ˈvaɾ/
133 to wipe vishar /vi.ˈʃaɾ/
134 to pull tirar /ti.ˈɾaɾ/
135 to push pulsar /pul.ˈsaɾ/
136 to throw jetar /ʒe.ˈtaɾ/
137 to tie ligar /li.ˈɡaɾ/
138 to sew sutar /su.ˈtaɾ/
139 to count kontar /kon.ˈtaɾ/
140 to say dicar /di.ˈt͡saɾ/
141 to sing kantar /kan.ˈtaɾ/
142 to play ludar, plear /lu.ˈdaɾ/, /ple.ˈaɾ/
143 to float flotacar /flo.ta.ˈt͡saɾ/
144 to flow fluar /flu.ˈaɾ/
145 to freeze frostar, konjelar /fɾos.ˈtaɾ/, /kon.ʒe.ˈlaɾ/
146 to swell intumecar, inflar /in.tu.me.ˈt͡saɾ/, /inf.ˈlaɾ/
147 sun suno /ˈsu.no/
148 moon luno /ˈlu.no/
149 star stelo /ˈste.lo/
150 water aquo /ˈa.kwo/
151 rain pluvo /ˈplu.vo/
152 river rivero, fluvio /ɾi.ˈveɾ.o/, /flu.ˈvi.o/
153 lake lago /ˈla.ɡo/
154 sea maro /ˈma.ɾo/
155 salt salo /ˈsa.lo/
156 stone petro, stono /ˈpet.ɾo/, /ˈsto.no/
157 sand sablo /ˈsa.blo/
158 dust polvo /ˈpol.vo/
159 earth tero /ˈte.ɾo/
160 cloud nubo /ˈnu.bo/
161 fog nebulo /ne.ˈbu.lo/
162 sky cielo /t͡si.ˈel.o/
163 wind vento /ˈven.to/
164 snow nivo /ˈni.vo/
165 ice glacio /ɡla.ˈt͡si.o/
166 smoke fumuro /fum.ˈuɾ.o/
167 fire fairo /ˈfai.ɾo/
168 ash cindro /ˈt͡sin.dɾo/
169 to burn brular /bɾu.ˈlaɾ/
170 road voyo /ˈvo.jo/
171 mountain monto /ˈmon.to/
172 red reda /ˈɾe.da/
173 green verda /ˈveɾ.da/
174 yellow flava /ˈfla.va/
175 white blanka /ˈblaŋ.ka/
176 black nigra /ˈni.ɡɾa/
177 night nokto /ˈnok.to/
178 day jorno, dio /ˈʒoɾ.no/, /ˈdi.o/
179 year yaro /ˈjaɾ.o/
180 warm varma /ˈvaɾ.ma/
181 cold kolda /ˈkol.da/
182 full plena /ˈple.na/
183 new nova /ˈno.va/
184 old anciena /ˈan.t͡si.ˈen.a/
185 good bona /ˈbo.na/
186 bad mala /ˈma.la/
187 rotten putrinta /put.ˈɾin.ta/
188 dirty sordida /soɾ.ˈdid.a/
189 straight rekta /ˈɾek.ta/
190 round ronda /ˈɾon.da/
191 sharp (as a knife) akuta /ˈaku.ta/
192 dull (as a knife) obtuza /ˈobtu.za/
193 smooth glata /ˈɡla.ta/
194 wet humida /hu.ˈmi.da/
195 dry sika /ˈsi.ka/
196 correct korekta /ko.ˈɾek.ta/
197 near proxim /pɾo.ksim/
198 far for /foɾ/
199 right dextra /ˈde.kstɾa/
200 left sinistra /si.ˈni.stɾa/
201 at apud, an, che, ye /ˈa.pud/, /an/, /t͡ʃe/, /je/
202 in en /en/
203 with kun /kun/
204 and e, ed /e/, /ed/
205 if se /se/
206 because pro ke /pɾo.ke/
207 name nomo /ˈno.mo/
  • Orthography:

When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following:

  • verbs: infinitive
  • other words: masculine or neutral, singular, nominative (subject)

For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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