The document discusses Rust's ownership system and borrowing. It explains that variables own the memory for their values, and when a variable goes out of scope that memory is returned. References allow borrowing values without transferring ownership. References must live shorter than the values they reference. Mutable references also allow changing borrowed values, but there can only be one mutable reference at a time.
This document introduces an upcoming book titled "Real-World Kafka: From Development to Operations". The book provides an in-depth look at Kafka's internal workings from development to operations in an enterprise environment. It discusses topics such as Kafka architecture, producer and consumer internals, operations and monitoring, security, schema registry, and enterprise Kafka patterns. The book is aimed at developers, architects, and operators interested in fully utilizing Kafka. It uses diagrams and examples to explain complex concepts in an accessible way.
쿠키런: 킹덤 대규모 인프라 및 서버 운영 사례 공유 [데브시스터즈 - 레벨 200] - 발표자: 용찬호, R&D 엔지니어, 데브시스터즈 ...Amazon Web Services Korea
<쿠키런:킹덤> 게임 유저 수가 급증하면서 지금까지 겪어보지 못했던 대규모 인프라 환경을 운영하게 되었고, 그 과정에서 다양한 문제점들에 부딪히게 되었습니다. 이 세션에서는 AWS에서 Stateful 한 게임 서버를 어떻게 운영해야 하는지 아키텍처 관점에서 먼저 설명한 후, 수 백만 명의 사용자를 감당하기 위해 해결해야 했던 어려움에 대해 Scalability 관점에서 설명해드립니다.
Elastic Stack 을 이용한 게임 서비스 통합 로깅 플랫폼 - elastic{on} 2019 SeoulSeungYong Oh
elastic{on} 2019 Seoul 에서 발표한 데브시스터즈(Devsisters Corp.) 의 Elastic Stack 기반 게임 서비스 통합 로깅 플랫폼 소개 발표 자료입니다.
발표 영상은 https://www.elastic.co/kr/elasticon/tour/2019/seoul/devsisters-game-service-integration-logging-platform-using-elastic-stack 에서 보실 수 있습니다.
How I learned to time travel, or, data pipelining and scheduling with AirflowPyData
This document discusses how the author learned to use Airflow for data pipelining and scheduling tasks. It describes some early tools like Cron and Luigi that were used for scheduling. It then evaluates options like Drake, Pydoit, Pinball, Luigi, and AWS Data Pipeline before settling on Airflow due to its sophistication in handling complex dependencies, built-in scheduling and monitoring, and flexibility. The author also develops a plugin called smart-airflow to add file-based checkpointing capabilities to Airflow to track intermediate data transformations.
오딘: 발할라 라이징 MMORPG의 성능 최적화 사례 공유 [카카오게임즈 - 레벨 300] - 발표자: 김문권, 팀장, 라이온하트 스튜디오...Amazon Web Services Korea
서비스 런칭을 위해 라이온하트와 카카오게임즈가 어떻게 최적 성능의 인스턴스를 선택하고, Windows 운영 체제를 최적화하며, 왜 Amazon Aurora를 기본 데이터베이스로 채택하였는지를 설명합니다. 또한, 출시부터 운영까지의 과정에서 MMORPG가 어떻게 AWS 상에서 설계되고, 게임 서버 성능을 극대할 수 있었는지에 대해 전달해드립니다.
2018년 6월 24일 "백수들의 Conference"에서 발표한 개발자를 위한 (블로그) 글쓰기 intro입니다
좋은 글을 많이 보는 노하우 + 꾸준히 글을 작성하는 노하우에 대해 주로 이야기했습니다! (어떻게 글을 작성하는가는 없어요!)
피드백은 언제나 환영합니다 :)
Secrets of Performance Tuning Java on KubernetesBruno Borges
Java on Kubernetes may seem complicated, but after a bit of YAML and Dockerfiles, you will wonder what all that fuss was. But then the performance of your app in 1 CPU/1 GB of RAM makes you wonder. Learn how JVM ergonomics, CPU throttling, and GCs can help increase performance while reducing costs.
This document describes an algorithm for determining if two trees are isomorphic by hashing the trees. It hashes each subtree and sorts the hashes to get a unique representation of the tree. It recursively hashes subtrees from leaves to root. The hash of the whole tree represents the tree and trees are isomorphic if they have the same hash value. The time complexity is O(N log N) where N is the number of vertices. Pseudocode and examples are provided.
The document discusses bipartite matching and describes how to find the maximum matching between two disjoint sets using the augmenting path algorithm. It explains that the algorithm works by searching for augmenting paths between unmatched vertices, reversing any that are found to increase the size of the matching, and repeating until no more augmenting paths exist. The time complexity of this algorithm is O(V×E) where V is the number of vertices and E is the number of edges.
The document describes Dinic's algorithm for finding the maximum flow in a flow network. It involves building a level graph of the network and finding blocking flows by finding augmenting paths from the source to the sink, then identifying bottlenecks on those paths and pushing flow along reverse paths from the bottlenecks to the sink in an iterative manner until no more augmenting paths exist. An example applying these steps on a sample network is provided to illustrate the algorithm.
This document provides an introduction to the Rust programming language. It discusses Rust's memory safety features, variable bindings, functions, control flow statements like if/else and loops, data types like tuples and vectors, and borrowing rules. It also covers Rust concepts like ownership, slices, pattern matching, and destructuring. Examples are provided to demonstrate various Rust language features.
Rust is a systems programming language that provides memory safety without using a garbage collector. It achieves memory safety through rules of ownership, borrowing, and lifetimes that are checked at compile time. These rules prevent common memory bugs like memory leaks, dangling pointers, and use-after-free errors that are common in C and C++.
Rust provides memory safety without garbage collection through its ownership and borrowing model that is checked at compile time. Ownership rules ensure that references to resources like vectors remain valid by moving the vector when it is passed to a function. Borrowing allows immutable or mutable references to a resource, but not both at the same time, avoiding data races. Rust achieves performance comparable to C++ through its zero-cost abstractions and moves semantics that avoid unnecessary data copying.
The document discusses Rust, a systems programming language developed by Mozilla. It provides an agenda, introduction to the speaker and company, why Rust was chosen, basic Rust concepts, and examples of Rust code. Memory safety is emphasized as Rust avoids vulnerabilities like memory leaks and use-after-free by using a borrow checker to validate references. Examples demonstrate immutable and mutable references, structs, functions, and memory management using Box to move values.
Rust — это современный, практический, быстрый и безопасный язык программирования. Некоторые говорят, что Rust — это как C++, если бы его писал человек, знающий Haskell.
Система типов Rust решает главную проблему C++ — небезопасность. C++ очень легко сделать ошибки, которые приведут к поломкам (например, use after free). Rust позволяет писать безопасный код, сохраняя при этом выразительность и околонулевые накладные расходы C++. В докладе будут подробно описаны механизмы языка, которые контролируют безопасность программы.
Хотя в данный момент Rust ещё не подходит для использования в продакшне, его всё равно стоит изучать. Во-первых, потому что это очень интересный подход к программированию, а во-вторых, потому что через несколько лет для разработки требовательных к ресурсам программ будет необходим именно Rust или другой похожий инструмент.
Ti1220 Lecture 2: Names, Bindings, and ScopesEelco Visser
The document provides an outline and messages from a lecture on names, bindings, and scopes in programming languages. It discusses key concepts such as:
- Names (identifiers) in programming languages and their forms
- Variables, their attributes like name, address, value, type, lifetime, and scope
- Binding and binding time, including static and dynamic binding
- Scope rules for variables in different languages like block-scoped languages like Java versus function-scoped languages like JavaScript
- Special cases like nested functions, recursion, and hoisting behavior in JavaScript
2 BytesC++ course_2014_c3_ function basics¶meters and overloadingkinan keshkeh
The document discusses functions in C++. It explains that functions can be defined in two ways: with declaration/calling/definition or with just declaration and definition. It provides examples of declaring a function that calculates the average of two numbers, calling that function, and defining the function. It also discusses local and global variables and their scopes. Finally, it lists some common predefined functions in C++ like sqrt, pow, abs, and rand.
Rust: код может быть одновременно безопасным и быстрым, Степан КольцовYandex
Последние 15 лет между разработчиками на Java и на C++ ведётся спор о том, какой язык программирования хуже — Java или C++. Программы на C++ глючат, падают, и в них утекает память. Программы на Java тормозят и требуют слишком много памяти.
Rust — новый язык программирования, разрабатываемый компанией Mozilla — решает проблемы Java и C++: программы, написанные на Rust, одновременно быстрые и безопасные. Rust является таким же низкоуровневым, close-to-metal языком программирования, как и C++, однако в язык встроены конструкции, позволяющие на этапе компиляции доказывать, что в программе не случится обращения к неинициализированной памяти (механизм borrowed pointers). Большая часть моего рассказа будет посвящена описанию этого механизма.
The Java Fx Platform – A Java Developer’S GuideStephen Chin
The document provides an overview of JavaFX and covers topics such as downloading and setting up JavaFX, creating a basic "Hello World" application, working with layouts, images, audio, animations, and data binding. It also compares JavaFX and Java, discusses JavaFX operators and sequences, and looks at developing JavaFX applications for mobile devices.
Rust is a systems programming language that offers performance comparable to C and C++ with memory safety and thread safety. It uses a borrow checker to enforce rules around ownership, borrowing, and lifetimes that prevent common bugs like use of dangling pointers and data races. Rust also supports features like generics, pattern matching, and idioms that improve productivity without sacrificing performance.
[CONFidence 2016] Mateusz Kocielski - Torturing the PHP interpreter PROIDEA
Report on the trip from fuzzing the PHP interpreter, through getting code execution, to hijacking all incoming requests sent to a web server. Thoughts on torturing interpreters, tips and tricks for exploiting vulnerabilities in the PHP core and walk-through interesting bugs found (1e-65 days included).
Report on the trip from fuzzing the PHP interpreter, through getting code execution, to hijacking all incoming requests sent to a web server. Thoughts on torturing interpreters, tips and tricks for exploiting vulnerabilities in the PHP core and walk-through interesting bugs found (1e-65 days included)
University of Virginia
cs4414: Operating Systems
http://rust-class.org
Explicit vs. Automatic Memory Management
Garbage Collection, Reference Counting
Rust ownership types
For embedded notes, see: http://rust-class.org/class9-pointers-in-rust.html
Continuation Passing Style and Macros in Clojure - Jan 2012Leonardo Borges
The document discusses continuation-passing style (CPS) in Clojure, where control is passed explicitly as a continuation argument to each function, and provides examples of implementing the Pythagorean theorem and Fibonacci sequence in CPS; it also explains how macros can be used to avoid deep nesting when accessing nested values and demonstrates a macro for this use case.
Python 3000 (Python 3.0) is an upcoming major release that will break backwards compatibility to fix early design mistakes and issues. It introduces many changes like Unicode as the default string type, a reworked I/O library, print as a function, and removal of some old features like classic classes. The document provides details on the changes and recommends projects support both Python 2.6 and 3.0 during the transition period.
An introduction to Rust: the modern programming language to develop safe and ...Claudio Capobianco
Rust is a young programming language developed by Mozilla with the open source community support. According to a survey of StackOverflow, in 2016 was the most loved among developers language! The goal of Rust is to combine control and performances, that is, operate at low level with high-level constructs. The actual applications vary from operating system to web development. Rust natively includes tools for Agile development, such as dependency management, testing and much more. The gap with other popular languages is filling up quickly thanks to the community, very active and fantastic :)
In this introductory presentation we will discuss the characteristics that make Rust unique, including the concepts of Ownership, Borrowing, and Lifetimes.
These slide has be presented for a talk in BIC Lazio Casilina, that has been also the first meetup of Rust Rome!
The document discusses rendering dropdown menus in the content process. It notes there are performance, styling, and event behavior issues with the current e10s-select approach. An alternative approach called content-select would render the dropdown as normal content in the content process to achieve better performance, stronger style support, and more accurate events without these issues. It provides an example of complex styling that can be applied to options in the dropdown.
The document discusses concurrency in C++ and the use of std::async and std::future. It recommends preferring task-based programming over thread-based due to easier management. It notes that the default launch policy for std::async allows asynchronous or synchronous execution, creating uncertainty. It advises specifying std::launch::async if asynchronicity is essential to ensure concurrent execution and avoid issues with thread-local variables and timeout-based waits.
Use C++ to Manipulate mozSettings in GeckoChih-Hsuan Kuo
If you want to manipulate mozSettings with JavaScript, you can reference to Settings API on MDN (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Settings_API).
But if you want to manipulate it with C++, we can only reference to the codebase of Gecko. Now, let me show you some example.
The document describes how Necko handles data URLs in Firefox. It discusses:
1. The data URL protocol syntax and how Necko parses data URLs to determine the MIME type, encoding, and data.
2. How Necko gets the protocol handler for data URLs and uses the nsDataHandler to create an nsDataChannel for the URL.
3. How the nsDataChannel establishes a listener chain with the nsInputStreamPump and nsHtml5StreamParser/Listener to read the data in chunks and parse the HTML content.
4. The states the nsInputStreamPump goes through - START, TRANSFER, STOP - to read the data from the nsDataChannel and
The document discusses protocol handlers in Gecko. It explains that protocol handlers allow Gecko to interact with different URI schemes like http, ftp, file etc. It provides an overview of how the awesome bar, browser UI, DocShell and Necko components work together to handle protocol requests from inputting a URL in the awesome bar to creating a channel and loading content. It also briefly introduces channels and stream listeners in Necko which are used for asynchronous loading of content.
This document provides an introduction to Linux, including what it is, some popular Linux distributions like Ubuntu, and reasons why one might use Linux instead of Windows. It notes that while Linux's desktop market share is still lower than Windows, it is widely used in servers, Android devices, and supercomputers. The document discusses how to install Ubuntu and some basic features and software available in Ubuntu. It argues that Linux is more secure, customizable, and liberating for users compared to Windows. However, it acknowledges Linux still lacks versions of some essential software and may not support all hardware.
Python is an easy to read, easy to learn, easy to write programming language. It is interpreted rather than compiled, making it easy to execute without needing to compile code first. Python is a multi-paradigm language supporting object-oriented, imperative and functional programming. The Python logo depicts a python snake to represent the name of the language. The Zen of Python outlines design philosophies for the language, preferring simple and readable code.
VP8 is an open source video codec developed by On2 Technologies and acquired by Google in 2010. It is designed for web-based video applications with a focus on low bandwidth and support for heterogeneous hardware. VP8 uses intra-frame and inter-frame prediction, 4x4 transform coding with an adaptive loop filter to reduce artifacts, and entropy coding with adaptive probability distributions. It achieves good quality at low bitrates and supports parallel processing for improved decoding performance on modern hardware.
Python is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language that is easy to read, write, and learn. It is ranked among the top 10 languages by popularity according to TIOBE and is widely used on GitHub. The Python logo depicts a snake to represent the Pythonidae family. The language emphasizes readability and uses English keywords frequently.
The document discusses graph traversal algorithms depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS). It provides examples of how DFS and BFS traverse graphs using a stack and queue respectively. Pseudocode for DFS and BFS algorithms is presented. The time complexity of both algorithms is O(V+E) where V is the number of nodes and E is the number of edges. Examples of DFS and BFS traversing a mouse maze are also shown.
The document describes the closest pair problem and an algorithm to solve it in 3 steps:
1. Sort the points by their x-coordinates
2. Recursively divide the points into halves and solve the sub-problems
3. Merge the solutions of the sub-problems and consider additional point pairs near the dividing line to find the overall minimum distance.
The document describes the bubble sort, merge sort, and quick sort algorithms. Bubble sort has a time complexity of O(n^2) as it may require up to n^2 comparisons in the worst case. Merge sort has a time complexity of O(nlogn) as it divides the list into halves recursively until single elements remain, then merges the sorted halves. Quick sort also has O(nlogn) time as it partitions the list around a pivot element, recursively sorts sublists, and merges the results.
The document discusses standard input and output in programming. It explains that standard input comes from keyboard input while standard output displays on the screen. It then covers different methods for file input/output like fopen, fstream, freopen, and their performance. The document concludes with recommendations to use buffered reading/writing techniques like fgets/puts for better performance compared to scanf/printf.
Empowering Businesses with Intelligent Software Solutions - GrawlixAarisha Shaikh
Explore Grawlix's comprehensive suite of intelligent software solutions designed to drive transformative growth and scalability for businesses. This presentation covers our expertise in bespoke software development, digital marketing, web design, cloud solutions, cybersecurity, AI/ML, and IT consulting. Discover how Grawlix's customized solutions enhance productivity, streamline processes, and enable data-driven decision-making. Learn about our key projects, technologies, and the dedicated team who ensures exceptional client satisfaction through innovation and excellence.
Test Polarity: Detecting Positive and Negative Tests (FSE 2024)andrehoraa
Positive tests (aka, happy path tests) cover the expected behavior of the program, while negative tests (aka, unhappy path tests) check the unexpected behavior. Ideally, test suites should have both positive and negative tests to better protect against regressions. In practice, unfortunately, we cannot easily identify whether a test is positive or negative. A better understanding of whether a test suite is more positive or negative is fundamental to assessing the overall test suite capability in testing expected and unexpected behaviors. In this paper, we propose test polarity, an automated approach to detect positive and negative tests. Our approach runs/monitors the test suite and collects runtime data about the application execution to classify the test methods as positive or negative. In a first evaluation, test polarity correctly classified 117 tests as as positive or negative. Finally, we provide a preliminary empirical study to analyze the test polarity of 2,054 test methods from 12 real-world test suites of the Python Standard Library. We find that most of the analyzed test methods are negative (88%) and a minority is positive (12%). However, there is a large variation per project: while some libraries have an equivalent number of positive and negative tests, others have mostly negative ones.
Generative AI The Key to Smarter, Faster IT Development.pdfayushiqss
Discover how generative AI is transforming IT development in this blog. Learn how using AI software development, artificial intelligence tools, and generative AI tools can lead to smarter, faster, and more efficient software creation. Explore real-world applications and see how these technologies are driving innovation and cutting costs in IT development.
PathSpotter: Exploring Tested Paths to Discover Missing Tests (FSE 2024)andrehoraa
When creating test cases, ideally, developers should test both the expected and unexpected behaviors of the program to catch more bugs and avoid regressions. However, the literature has provided evidence that developers are more likely to test expected behaviors than unexpected ones. In this paper, we propose PathSpotter, a tool to automatically identify tested paths and support the detection of missing tests. Based on PathSpotter, we provide an approach to guide us in detecting missing tests. To evaluate it, we submitted pull requests with test improvements to open-source projects. As a result, 6 out of 8 pull requests were accepted and merged in relevant systems, including CPython, Pylint, and Jupyter Client. These pull requests created/updated 32 tests and added 80 novel assertions covering untested cases. This indicates that our test improvement solution is well received by open-source projects.
CrushFTP 10.4.0.29 PC Software - WhizNewsEman Nisar
Introduction:
In this never-ending digital world, the essence of a smooth and safe file transfer solution is vital. CrushFTP 10.4.0.29 is a kind of full-featured, robust, and easy-to-use PC software designed for a smooth file transfer process without compromising security. In this review, we will dig in deep regarding the CrushFTP features, functions, and system requirements to have a 360-degree view of its capabilities and possible applications.
Description:
CrushFTP, LLC develop the software, and it comes in a bundle of new features and improvements, which are set to deliver a great experience to the user.With CrushFTP, from the smallest to the most extensive scale of businesses, all kinds of file transfer operations can be centrally managed on a single platform.
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Abstract:
At its heart, CrushFTP is a powerful server that allows users to exchange files over the networks safely. Many features of the FTP servers have been extended in CrushFTP. It supports protocols like FTPS, SFTP, SCP, HTTP, and HTTPS for maximum flexibility with client applications and devices.
The intuitive web interface enables users to use file management tools simply without installing complex client software.
Software Characteristics:
Security:
CrushFTP ensures security through the use of protocols for encryption, such as SSL/TLS, to secure transmitted data. It also offers user authentication mechanisms using LDAP, Active Directory, and OAuth for proper secure access control.
Automation:
The automation capability of CrushFTP allows automating the everyday routine tasks through schedule-based transfer, event-based triggers, and custom flow. This ensures that the batch processing is effective with minimum manual interruption, improving productivity.
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Remote Administration:
CrushFTP supports remote administration through the web interface. This allows an administrator to manage server settings, user permissions, and file operations from any part of the world that is connected to the Internet. In this regard, it gives a very nice distributed team and remote work environment.
Integration:
The software easily integrates with third-party applications and services through a very extensive API, as well as through support for plenty of plugins. This way, it becomes straightforward for organizations to fit CrushFTP into their already existing infrastructure to promote interoperability and ensure scalability.
Monitoring and Logging:
CrushFTP provides very detailed tracking and logging where an administrator can trace all user activities, monitor the performance of the server, and analyze network traffic. It also offers real-time alerts and notifications for proactive management and troubleshooting.
Customization:
Make CrushFTP work with any possible parameters in mind through configurable settings, themes, and extensions
SAP implementation steps PDF - Zyple SoftwareZyple Software
Unlock the full potential of your SAP system with our comprehensive SAP Implementation Steps PDF guide! This detailed document is your go-to resource for navigating the complexities of SAP implementation from start to finish. Whether you’re a project manager, an IT specialist, or a business leader, this PDF provides step-by-step instructions, best practices, and expert insights to ensure a successful SAP deployment.
What You’ll Find in This Guide
1. Project Preparation: Discover how to define your objectives clearly, assemble a skilled project team, and develop a robust project plan. Learn how to identify your business needs, set measurable goals, and create a timeline that aligns with your organization’s strategic vision.
2. Business Blueprint: Understand how to analyze current business processes, define specific requirements, and design a comprehensive Business Blueprint. This section helps you document existing workflows, identify gaps, and map out how SAP solutions will address these gaps to meet your business needs.
3. Realization: Get detailed instructions on configuring the SAP system, migrating data from legacy systems, and conducting thorough testing. This part of the guide covers system setup, customization, data extraction, transformation, loading (ETL), and various testing phases to ensure the system functions as expected.
4. Deployment: Learn the critical steps for a successful Go-Live. This includes preparing for the transition, executing the Go-Live plan, and providing initial support. The guide explains how to manage data validation, user training, and system readiness to ensure a smooth launch.
5. Post-Go-Live Support: Discover how to monitor system performance, address any issues that arise, and conduct a post-implementation review. This section helps you evaluate the success of the SAP implementation, gather feedback, and plan for future improvements.
pgroll - Zero-downtime, reversible, schema migrations for PostgresTudor Golubenco
pgroll is an open source command-line tool that offers safe and reversible schema migrations for PostgreSQL by serving multiple schema versions simultaneously. It takes care of the complex migration operations to ensure that client applications continue working while the database schema is being updated. This includes ensuring changes are applied without locking the database, and that both old and new schema versions work simultaneously (even when breaking changes are being made!). This removes risks related to schema migrations, and greatly simplifies client application rollout, also allowing for instant rollbacks.
Predicting Test Results without Execution (FSE 2024)andrehoraa
As software systems grow, test suites may become complex, making it challenging to run the tests frequently and locally. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been adopted in multiple software engineering tasks. It has demonstrated great results in code generation, however, it is not yet clear whether these models understand code execution. Particularly, it is unclear whether LLMs can be used to predict test results, and, potentially, overcome the issues of running real-world tests. To shed some light on this problem, in this paper, we explore the capability of LLMs to predict test results without execution. We evaluate the performance of the state-of-the-art GPT-4 in predicting the execution of 200 test cases of the Python Standard Library. Among these 200 test cases, 100 are passing and 100 are failing ones. Overall, we find that GPT-4 has a precision of 88.8%, recall of 71%, and accuracy of 81% in the test result prediction. However, the results vary depending on the test complexity: GPT-4 presented better precision and recall when predicting simpler tests (93.2% and 82%) than complex ones (83.3% and 60%). We also find differences among the analyzed test suites, with the precision ranging from 77.8% to 94.7% and recall between 60% and 90%. Our findings suggest that GPT-4 still needs significant progress in predicting test results.
iBirds Services - Comprehensive Salesforce CRM and Software Development Solut...vijayatibirds
Unlock the full potential of your business with iBirds Services. As a trusted Salesforce Consulting Partner, iBirds Software Pvt. Ltd. offers a wide range of customer-centric consulting services to help you seamlessly integrate, customize, and optimize your Salesforce CRM. Our team of experts specializes in delivering innovative software development solutions tailored to meet your unique business needs.
In this document, you will discover:
An overview of iBirds Services and our expertise in Salesforce CRM implementation.
Detailed insights into our software development services, including custom applications, integrations, and automation.
Case studies highlighting our successful projects and satisfied clients.
Key benefits of partnering with iBirds Services for your CRM and software development needs.
Whether you are a small business or a large enterprise, our proven strategies and cutting-edge technologies ensure your business stays ahead of the competition. Explore our services and learn how iBirds can transform your business operations with scalable and efficient solutions.
Laravel has quickly become one of the leading PHP frameworks. Its elegant syntax, powerful features, and strong community backing make it a top choice for developers. This article delves into what makes Laravel development stand out and why it is considered the best PHP framework for modern web applications.
Unlocking the Future of Artificial IntelligencedorinIonescu
Unlock the Future: Dive into AI Today! Videnda AI specializes in developing advanced artificial intelligence solutions, including visual dictionaries and language learning tools that leverage immersive virtual travel experiences. Stay Ahead of the Curve: Master AI Now! Our AI technology integrates machine learning and neural networks to enhance education and business applications. AI: The Next Frontier. Are You Ready to Explore? With a focus on real-time AI solutions and deep learning models, Videnda AI provides innovative tools for multilingual communication and immersive learning.
In this course, you'll find a series of engaging videos packed with vibrant animations that break down complex AI concepts into digestible pieces. Our curriculum covers AI models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLP), Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), and Transformers, providing a solid understanding of these models and their real-world applications. We also offer hands-on experience with Generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Midjourney, and Python programming tutorials to help you implement AI algorithms and build your own AI applications.
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Crowd Strike\Windows Update Issue: Overview and Current Statusramaganesan0504
Crowd Strike\Windows Update Issue: Overview and Current Status
Discover the latest on the CrowdStrike Windows update issue, including an overview, current status, and support steps for affected customers. Learn about the identified defect, its impact on Windows hosts, and CrowdStrike's committed actions to ensure ongoing security and stability.
What is CrowdStrike?
CrowdStrike is a prominent cybersecurity technology company that specializes in providing advanced threat intelligence and endpoint protection solutions. Founded in 2011 by George Kurtz, Dmitri Alperovitch, and Gregg Marston, CrowdStrike has quickly established itself as a leader in the cybersecurity industry. Here are some key aspects of
3. Variable & Memory
A variable name is only a name.
It’s possible that a variable name can not access any
memory.
When a variable is declared, Rust allocates memory in
stack and heap (if need) for it.
When the owner of resources is destroyed, ALL
resources it owned would be released.
5. Variable & Memory
Stack
Heap
fn main() {
let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
}
dynamic memory
static memory
When the variable is destroyed…
6. fn main() {
let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
}
Variable & Memory
Stack
Heap
dynamic memory
static memory
All related resources will be destroyed, too!
7. Move By Default
Assignment operator is move semantics by default.
There is exactly one variable binding to any resource.
Avoid data racing to guarantee data consistency.
8. Move By Default
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32
}
fn main() {
let v1 = Point{ x: 10, y:
20};
let v2 = v1;
println!("{}", v1.x);
}
error: use of moved value: `v1.x` [--explain
E0382]
--> <anon>:9:20
8 |> let v2 = v1;
|> -- value moved here
9 |> println!("{}", v1.x);
|> ^^^^ value used here
after move
<std macros>:2:27: 2:58: note: in this
expansion of format_args!
<std macros>:3:1: 3:54: note: in this
expansion of print! (defined in <std macros>)
<anon>:9:5: 9:26: note: in this expansion of
println! (defined in <std macros>)
note: move occurs because `v1` has type
`Point`, which does not implement the `Copy`
trait
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
9. Move By Default
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32
}
fn main() {
let v1 = Point{ x: 10, y:
20};
let v2 = v1;
println!("{}", v1.x);
}
error: use of moved value: `v1.x` [--explain
E0382]
--> <anon>:9:20
8 |> let v2 = v1;
|> -- value moved here
9 |> println!("{}", v1.x);
|> ^^^^ value used here
after move
<std macros>:2:27: 2:58: note: in this
expansion of format_args!
<std macros>:3:1: 3:54: note: in this
expansion of print! (defined in <std macros>)
<anon>:9:5: 9:26: note: in this expansion of
println! (defined in <std macros>)
note: move occurs because `v1` has type
`Point`, which does not implement the `Copy`
trait
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
Use of moved value!
v1.x
10. Move By Default
stack
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32
}
fn main() {
let v1 = Point{ x: 10, y:
20};
let v2 = v1;
println!("{}", v1.x);
}
Point { x = 10, y = 20 }
names
v1
11. Move By Default
stack
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32
}
fn main() {
let v1 = Point{ x: 10, y:
20};
let v2 = v1;
println!("{}", v1.x);
}
Point { x = 10, y = 20 }
names
v1
v2
12. Copyable Type
The types which implement Copy trait can make
assignment operator be copy semantics.
Allow to use the variable which be copied.
All primitive types implement the Copy trait.
13. Copyable Type
fn main() {
let v1 = 10;
let v2 = v1;
println!("v1 = {}", v1);
println!("v2 = {}", v2);
}
v1 = 10
v2 = 10
Program ended.
run
14. Copyable Type
fn main() {
let v1 = 10;
let v2 = v1;
println!("v1 = {}", v1);
println!("v2 = {}", v2);
}
stacknames
v1 i32 { 10 }
16. Parameter Passing
Passing parameters is also move semantics by default
(no Copy trait).
Developers should return the ownership of parameters
by themselves.
Yes, you should return ten variables back if you pass
ten parameters into a function. 😜
18. Parameter Passing
struct Pt { x: i32 }
fn square(v: Pt) {
println!("{}", v.x * v.x);
}
fn main() {
let v = Pt{ x: 3 };
square(v);
println!("{}", v.x);
}
error: use of moved value: `v.x` [--explain
E0382]
--> <anon>:10:20
9 |> square(v);
|> - value moved here
10 |> println!("{}", v.x);
|> ^^^ value used here
after move
<std macros>:2:27: 2:58: note: in this
expansion of format_args!
<std macros>:3:1: 3:54: note: in this
expansion of print! (defined in <std macros>)
<anon>:10:5: 10:25: note: in this expansion
of println! (defined in <std macros>)
note: move occurs because `v` has type `Pt`,
which does not implement the `Copy` trait
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
19. Parameter Passing
struct Pt { x: i32 }
fn square(v: Pt) {
println!("{}", v.x * v.x);
}
fn main() {
let v = Pt{ x: 3 };
square(v);
println!("{}", v.x);
}
error: use of moved value: `v.x` [--explain
E0382]
--> <anon>:10:20
9 |> square(v);
|> - value moved here
10 |> println!("{}", v.x);
|> ^^^ value used here
after move
<std macros>:2:27: 2:58: note: in this
expansion of format_args!
<std macros>:3:1: 3:54: note: in this
expansion of print! (defined in <std macros>)
<anon>:10:5: 10:25: note: in this expansion
of println! (defined in <std macros>)
note: move occurs because `v` has type `Pt`,
which does not implement the `Copy` trait
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
v.x
Use of moved value!
21. Syntax of Reference
fn main() {
let a = 1;
let b = &a; // &a is the reference to a
let mut c = 2;
let d = &mut c; // &mut c is the mutable
reference to c
}
22. Borrowing
Use the references to borrow the ownership.
The ownership will return to original owner when the
borrower is destroyed automatically.
References are immutable.
Allow multiple references to one variable.
A borrowed variable can be read but not written.
Only allow to borrow the variable with longer lifetime.
23. Borrowing
fn main() {
let orig = 0;
let b1 = &orig;
let b2 = &orig;
let b3 = &orig;
println!("b1 = {}", b1);
println!("b2 = {}", b2);
println!("b3 = {}", b3);
println!("orig = {}", orig);
}
b1 = 0
b2 = 0
b3 = 0
orig = 0
Program ended.
run
24. Borrowing
fn main() {
let mut x = 0;
{
let y = &x;
x += 1;
println!("{}", y);
}
println!("{}", x);
}
error: cannot assign to `x` because it is
borrowed [--explain E0506]
--> <anon>:5:9
4 |> let y = &x;
|> - borrow of `x` occurs
here
5 |> x += 1;
|> ^^^^^^ assignment to borrowed
`x` occurs here
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
25. Borrowing
fn main() {
let mut x = 0;
{
let y = &x;
x += 1;
println!("{}", y);
}
println!("{}", x);
}
error: cannot assign to `x` because it is
borrowed [--explain E0506]
--> <anon>:5:9
4 |> let y = &x;
|> - borrow of `x` occurs
here
5 |> x += 1;
|> ^^^^^^ assignment to borrowed
`x` occurs here
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
x += 1;
Cannot write the borrowed variable!
26. Borrowing
fn main() {
let y: &i32;
{
let x = 5;
y = &x;
}
println!("{}", y);
}
error: `x` does not live long enough
--> <anon>:5:14
5 |> y = &x;
|> ^
note: reference must be valid for the block
suffix following statement 0 at 2:16...
--> <anon>:2:17
2 |> let y: &i32;
|> ^
note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for
the block suffix following statement 0 at
4:18
--> <anon>:4:19
4 |> let x = 5;
|> ^
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
27. Borrowing
fn main() {
let y: &i32;
{
let x = 5;
y = &x;
}
println!("{}", y);
}
error: `x` does not live long enough
--> <anon>:5:14
5 |> y = &x;
|> ^
note: reference must be valid for the block
suffix following statement 0 at 2:16...
--> <anon>:2:17
2 |> let y: &i32;
|> ^
note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for
the block suffix following statement 0 at
4:18
--> <anon>:4:19
4 |> let x = 5;
|> ^
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
y = &x;
Lifetime of x is shorter than y.
28. Borrowing
fn main() {
let y: &i32;
let x = 5;
y = &x;
println!("{}", y);
}
error: `x` does not live long enough
--> <anon>:4:10
4 |> y = &x;
|> ^
note: reference must be valid for the block
suffix following statement 0 at 2:16...
--> <anon>:2:17
2 |> let y: &i32;
|> ^
note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for
the block suffix following statement 1 at
3:14
--> <anon>:3:15
3 |> let x = 5;
|> ^
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
29. Borrowing
fn main() {
let y: &i32;
let x = 5;
y = &x;
println!("{}", y);
}
error: `x` does not live long enough
--> <anon>:4:10
4 |> y = &x;
|> ^
note: reference must be valid for the block
suffix following statement 0 at 2:16...
--> <anon>:2:17
2 |> let y: &i32;
|> ^
note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for
the block suffix following statement 1 at
3:14
--> <anon>:3:15
3 |> let x = 5;
|> ^
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
y = &x;
Lifetime of x is shorter than y.
32. Mutable Borrowing
Use mutable references only if you need to change the values
you borrowed.
Only allow to borrow a mutable variables as a mutable
reference.
There is exactly one mutable reference to a variable.
A variable borrowed as a mutable reference can not be
borrowed as immutable references.
A variable borrowed as a mutable reference can not be used
until the end of borrowing.
33. Mutable Borrowing
fn main() {
let mut x = 0;
{
let y = &mut x;
*y += 1;
}
println!("x = {}", x);
}
x = 1
Program ended.
run
34. Mutable Borrowing
fn main() {
let mut x = 0;
{
let y = &mut x;
let z = &mut x;
*y += 1;
}
println!("x = {}", x);
}
error: cannot borrow `x` as mutable more than
once at a time [--explain E0499]
--> <anon>:5:22
4 |> let y = &mut x;
|> - first mutable
borrow occurs here
5 |> let z = &mut x;
|> ^ second mutable
borrow occurs here
6 |> *y += 1;
7 |> }
|> - first borrow ends here
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
35. Mutable Borrowing
fn main() {
let mut x = 0;
{
let y = &mut x;
let z = &mut x;
*y += 1;
}
println!("x = {}", x);
}
error: cannot borrow `x` as mutable more than
once at a time [--explain E0499]
--> <anon>:5:22
4 |> let y = &mut x;
|> - first mutable
borrow occurs here
5 |> let z = &mut x;
|> ^ second mutable
borrow occurs here
6 |> *y += 1;
7 |> }
|> - first borrow ends here
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
let z = &mut x;
Cannot borrow x as mutable reference more than once!
36. Mutable Borrowing
fn main() {
let mut x = 0;
{
let y = &mut x;
let z = &x;
*y += 1;
}
println!("x = {}", x);
}
error: cannot borrow `x` as immutable because
it is also borrowed as mutable [--explain
E0502]
--> <anon>:6:18
4 |> let y = &mut x;
|> - mutable borrow
occurs here
5 |> *y += 1;
6 |> let z = &x;
|> ^ immutable borrow
occurs here
7 |> }
|> - mutable borrow ends here
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
37. Mutable Borrowing
fn main() {
let mut x = 0;
{
let y = &mut x;
let z = &x;
*y += 1;
}
println!("x = {}", x);
}
error: cannot borrow `x` as immutable because
it is also borrowed as mutable [--explain
E0502]
--> <anon>:6:18
4 |> let y = &mut x;
|> - mutable borrow
occurs here
5 |> *y += 1;
6 |> let z = &x;
|> ^ immutable borrow
occurs here
7 |> }
|> - mutable borrow ends here
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
let z = &x;
Cannot borrow the variable been borrowed as a mutable reference!
38. Mutable Borrowing
fn main() {
let mut x = 0;
{
let y = &mut x;
let z = x + 1;
}
println!("x = {}", x);
}
error: cannot use `x` because it was mutably
borrowed [E0503]
--> <anon>:5:17
5 |> let z = x + 1;
|> ^
note: borrow of `x` occurs here
--> <anon>:4:22
4 |> let y = &mut x;
|> ^
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
39. Mutable Borrowing
fn main() {
let mut x = 0;
{
let y = &mut x;
let z = x + 1;
}
println!("x = {}", x);
}
error: cannot use `x` because it was mutably
borrowed [E0503]
--> <anon>:5:17
5 |> let z = x + 1;
|> ^
note: borrow of `x` occurs here
--> <anon>:4:22
4 |> let y = &mut x;
|> ^
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
let z = x + 1;
Cannot access the variable been borrowed as a mutable reference.
40. Thinking in Scopes
fn main() {
let mut x = 0;
let y = &mut x;
*y += 1;
println!("x = {}", x);
}
Why compile error?
41. Thinking in Scopes(cont’)
fn main() {
let mut x = 0;
let y = &mut x;
*y += 1;
println!("x = {}", x);
}
error: cannot borrow `x` as immutable because
it is also borrowed as mutable [--explain
E0502]
--> <anon>:5:24
3 |> let y = &mut x;
|> - mutable borrow occurs
here
4 |> *y += 1;
5 |> println!("x = {}", x);
|> ^ immutable
borrow occurs here
6 |> }
|> - mutable borrow ends here
<std macros>:2:27: 2:58: note: in this
expansion of format_args!
<std macros>:3:1: 3:54: note: in this
expansion of print! (defined in <std macros>)
<anon>:5:5: 5:27: note: in this expansion of
println! (defined in <std macros>)
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
42. Thinking in Scopes(cont’)
fn main() {
let mut x = 0;
let y = &mut x;
*y += 1;
println!("x = {}", x);
}
error: cannot borrow `x` as immutable because
it is also borrowed as mutable [--explain
E0502]
--> <anon>:5:24
3 |> let y = &mut x;
|> - mutable borrow occurs
here
4 |> *y += 1;
5 |> println!("x = {}", x);
|> ^ immutable
borrow occurs here
6 |> }
|> - mutable borrow ends here
<std macros>:2:27: 2:58: note: in this
expansion of format_args!
<std macros>:3:1: 3:54: note: in this
expansion of print! (defined in <std macros>)
<anon>:5:5: 5:27: note: in this expansion of
println! (defined in <std macros>)
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
println!("x = {}", x);
Immutable borrow occurs here!
43. Iterator Invalidation
fn main() {
let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
for i in &v {
println!("{}", i);
v.push(34);
}
}
error: cannot borrow `v` as mutable because
it is also borrowed as immutable [--explain
E0502]
--> <anon>:6:9
4 |> for i in &v {
|> - immutable borrow occurs
here
5 |> println!("{}", i);
6 |> v.push(34);
|> ^ mutable borrow occurs here
7 |> }
|> - immutable borrow ends here
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
44. Iterator Invalidation
fn main() {
let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
for i in &v {
println!("{}", i);
v.push(34);
}
}
error: cannot borrow `v` as mutable because
it is also borrowed as immutable [--explain
E0502]
--> <anon>:6:9
4 |> for i in &v {
|> - immutable borrow occurs
here
5 |> println!("{}", i);
6 |> v.push(34);
|> ^ mutable borrow occurs here
7 |> }
|> - immutable borrow ends here
error: aborting due to previous error
compile
v.push(34);
push(&mut self, …) try to borrow v as a mutable reference!
49. Lifetimes Specifier
All references need lifetimes.
Explicit lifetimes are used to make lifetime inference
unambiguous.
Must give explicit lifetimes for struct contain reference
members.
No need to give explicit lifetimes to the functions
without references return.
50. Lifetimes Specifier
struct Foo<'a> {
x: &'a i32
}
impl<'a> Foo<'a> {
fn x(&self) -> &'a i32 { self.x }
}
fn main() {
let y = 5;
let f = Foo { x: &y };
println!("{}", f.x);
println!("{}", f.x());
}
5
5
Program ended.
run
51. Lifetime Inference
Each elided lifetime of arguments becomes a distinct
lifetime parameter.
If there is exactly one input lifetime, all elided lifetimes
of the return values will be as same as the input
lifetime.
If there is &self in input lifetimes, all elided lifetimes of
the return values will be as same as &self.