Extended Data Fig. 2: Ecotope factors of the Amazon basin.

(a) Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND), a proxy for water-table depth²⁵; (b) Soil fertility, as exchangeable base cation concentrations⁴³; (c) Average forest heights as acquired by lidar⁴⁵; (d) Soil sand content⁴⁴; (e) Proportion of trees belonging to the Fabaceae family³⁴; (f) MCWD variability (see the ‘Climate anomalies for drought definition and mapping’ section of methods), in terms of the standard deviation of the long-term MCWD timeseries. High variance in climate and low soil fertility in Guiana shield might contribute to the greatest proportion of trees belonging to the family Fabaceae with the very high wood density; (g) Averaged minimum monthly precipitation (low=green, high=orange). The north-west everwet Amazon is distinguished by lacking a dry season (precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration). (h) Community-weighted wood density³⁴. Panels a-d are used as ecotope predictors in the GAM analysis of Supplementary Table 1. (Data sources: see the ‘Climate variables’ and ‘Climate anomalies for drought definition and mapping’ sections of methods).