Extended Data Fig. 3: Forming and refilling of Cu vacancies at crystalline Cu–electrolyte interfaces.
From: Atomic dynamics of electrified solid–liquid interfaces in liquid-cell TEM
Initially, the atomic terrace is intact. After 0.1 s, a single atomic column is extracted, resulting in an atomic vacancy on the terrace. Subsequently, this void is promptly filled by Cu from the solution, thereby reinstating the atomic platform to its original state.