Extended Data Fig. 4: The presence of trails or paths in the field of view of randomly placed cameras.
From: FSC-certified forest management benefits large mammals compared to non-FSC
Each camera trap installation location was characterized as either an elephant path, skidder trail, small wildlife trail or as an absence of a trail or path. Only elephant paths, expressed in proportions, were encountered more often in FSC-certified concessions (n = 7) than in non-FSC concessions (n = 7), whereas the presence or absence of the other three types of installation locations was equivalent between the two forest management types. Camera trap sites were selected as the closest location from the predetermined GPS locations with both a suitable tree and a minimum of four metres visibility. Following this method, randomly encountering more elephant paths is in itself an indication of higher elephant abundances in FSC-certified concessions. Numbers represent paired FSC-certified and non-FSC concessions linked by grey lines. Data are represented as boxplots, where central lines represent medians and lower and upper lines correspond to the first and third quartiles, whiskers reflect 1.5 times the interquartile range. Two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank, *: p <= 0.05, ns: p > 0.05. Exact p-values are summarized in Extended Data Table 4.