Extended Data Fig. 5: Calculated VCMA Modulation of Skyrmion-to-Uniform Transition Energetics.

(a) GNEB-simulated magnetization images of the skyrmion (SK, left) to uniform state (UM, right) transition at ZF for a W_Dot = 300 nm FL dot (procedural details in Methods). (b) Energy profiles of the transition with VCMA modulation of the CoFeB (FL(i)) by \({\triangle K}_{{\rm{u}}}^{{\rm{CFB}}}\) = 0 (unchanged) and ±120 kJ/m³. The absolute total energy of the UM state was unchanged with ∆K_u^CFB (c,d). Evolution of (c) energy barrier, E_b and (d) energy difference, ∆E, with \({\triangle K}_{{\rm{u}}}^{{\rm{CFB}}}\) = 0 varied approximately over the voltage range used for electrical switching (VCMA estimation details in Methods). Coloured markers correspond to the curves in (b).