Extended Data Fig. 8: Evolution of the near-surface ocean current speeds derived from drifters under TCs.

for individual basins and the globe. a is for weak TCs range from 17 to 32 m s⁻¹, b is for weak TCs whose LMI is 17 to 32 m s⁻¹, c is the same as b but LMI is 17 to 42 m s⁻¹, and d is based on drifter data under strong TCs (Category-2–5) over NWP. The dashed lines indicate the fitted linear trends of the curves, and the estimated trends (along with the 95% margin of errors) and the p-values of the t-test for the trends are also reported. In each panel, the length of the error bar for each year is twice the standard deviation divided by the square root of the effective number of observations in that year. Discontinuity points along the curves in b and c represent missing values due to insufficient data.