Extended Data Fig. 1: Categorization of landfalling track modes.

Following LC, at least four continuous inland data points should exist. The intensity of the landfalling hurricane at the first data point is ≥ 33 m s⁻¹. The threshold of translation velocity at 10 km h⁻¹ and the criterial angle between the landfalling track and coastline at 45° have been practically validated that can physically distinguish the characteristics among different landfalling track modes.