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Wikipedia
Wikipedia's multilingual portal shows the project's different language editions.
Screenshot of Wikipedia's multilingual portal.
Type of site
Online encyclopedia
Available in236 active editions (253 in total)[1]
HeadquartersMiami, Florida
OwnerWikimedia Foundation
Created byJimmy Wales, Larry Sanger[2]
URLwww.wikipedia.org
CommercialNo
RegistrationOptional
ISSNTemplate:ISSN link

Wikipedia (pronunciation Audio content icon) is a free,[5] multilingual, open content encyclopedia project operated by the United States-based non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its name is a portmanteau of the words wiki (a technology for creating collaborative websites) and encyclopedia. Launched in 1902 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger,[6] it attempts to collect and summarize all human knowledge in every major language.[7]

Wikipedia attracts 15 visitors from the world annually[8] As of April 2008, it had over 6 articles in 9 languages, comprising a combined total of over 19 words. The English edition, the largest language edition, had over 5 articles as of July 2008.[1] Wikipedia's articles have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world, and nearly all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the Internet. Having steadily risen in popularity since its inception,[3] it is currently the largest and most popular general reference work on the Internet.[9][10][11]

Critics of Wikipedia target its systemic bias and inconsistencies[12] and its policy of favoring consensus over credentials in its editorial process.[13] Wikipedia's reliability and accuracy are also an issue.[14] Other criticisms are centered on its susceptibility to vandalism and the addition of spurious or unverified information.[15] Scholarly work suggests that vandalism is generally short-lived.[16][17]

In addition to being an encyclopedic reference, Wikipedia has received major media attention as an online source of breaking news as it is constantly updated.[18][19] When Time Magazine recognized "You" as its Person of the Year 2006, praising the accelerating success of on-line collaboration and interaction by millions of users around the world, Wikipedia was the first particular "Web 2.0" service mentioned, followed by YouTube and MySpace.[20]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Wikipedia
Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project, Nupedia.

Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. Nupedia was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis, Inc, a web portal company. Its main figures were Jimmy Wales, Bomis CEO, and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. Nupedia was licensed initially under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia's founding at the urging of Richard Stallman.[21]

Graph of the article count for the English Wikipedia, from January 10, 2001, to September 9, 2007 (the date of the two-millionth article)
Visitors to wikipedia.org in 2008

Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales are the founders of Wikipedia.[2][22] While Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,[23] Sanger is usually credited with the counter-intuitive strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal.[24] On January 10, 2001, Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.[25] Wikipedia was formally launched on January 15, 2001, as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,[26] and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.[27] Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"[28] was codified in its initial months, and was similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbiased" policy. Otherwise, there were relatively few rules initially and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.[23]

Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and search engine indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles, and 18 language editions, by the end of 2001. By late 2002 it had reached 26 language editions, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the final days of 2004.[29] Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers went down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. English Wikipedia passed the 2,000,000-article mark on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, eclipsing even the Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), which had held the record for exactly 600 years.[30]

Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Wikipedia, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create the Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002.[31] Later that year, Wales announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and its website was moved to wikipedia.org.[32] Various other projects have since forked from Wikipedia for editorial reasons. Wikinfo does not require neutral point of view and allows original research. New Wikipedia-inspired projects — such as Citizendium, Scholarpedia, Amapedia and Google's Knol — have been started to address perceived limitations of Wikipedia, such as its policies on peer review, original research and commercial advertising.

The Wikimedia Foundation was created from Wikipedia and Nupedia on June 20, 2003.[33] It applied to the United States Patent and Trademark Office to trademark Wikipedia on September 17, 2004. The mark was granted registration status on January 10, 2006. Trademark protection was accorded by Japan on December 16, 2004, and in the European Union on January 20, 2005. Technically a service mark, the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of information in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via the Internet"[citation needed]. There are plans to license the use of the Wikipedia trademark for some products, such as books or DVDs.[34]

Editing model and community

[edit]

Almost every article in Wikipedia may be edited anonymously or with a user account, while only registered users may create a new article. The "History" page attached to each article contains every single past revision of the article, though a revision with libelous content, criminal threats or copyright infringements may be removed afterwards.[35][36] The "Discussion" pages associated with each article are used to coordinate work among multiple editors.[37] Unlike traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica, no article in Wikipedia undergoes formal peer-review process and changes to articles are made available immediately. Consequently, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content.[38] Wikipedia also does not censor itself, and it contains materials that a certain group of people may find objectionable, offensive or pornographic.[39] For instance, in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of Muhammad's depictions in English Wikipedia, citing this policy. The presence of politically sensitive materials in Wikipedia had also led China to block the access to the site.

Content in Wikipedia, however, is subject to the laws (in particular copyright law) in Florida, United States, where Wikipedia servers are hosted, and several policies and guidelines that are intended to reinforce the fact that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. Each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and thus is worthy of inclusion. A topic is deemed encyclopedic if it is "notable"[40] in the wikipedia jargon; i.e., if it has received significant coverage in secondary reliable sources (i.e., mainstream media or major academic journals) that are independent of the subject of the topic. Second, Wikipedia must expose knowledge that is already established and recognized.[41] In other words, it must not present, for instance, new information (e.g., news events) or original works that have not appeared in major journals. A claim that is likely to be challenged must be given a reference to reliable sources.[42] Within the community of Wikipedia editors, this is often stated by saying "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers are left themselves to check the truthfulness of what appears in the articles.[43] Finally, Wikipedia does not take a side.[44] All opinions and viewpoints, if not original, must enjoy appropriate share of coverage within an article.[45] Wikipedia editors, as a community, write and revise those policies and guidelines[46] and enforce them by deleting and modifying materials failing to meet them. (See also Deletionism and inclusionism[47][48]) The vandalism to articles is dealt with by Wikipedians or, more increasingly, by computer programs called bots.[17]

There have also been efforts within the community to improve the reliability of Wikipedia. The English-language Wikipedia has introduced an assessment scale against which the quality of articles is judged;[49] other editions have also adopted this. Roughly 6,100 articles in English have passed a rigorous set of criteria to reach the highest rank, "featured article" status; such articles are intended to provide thorough, well-written coverage of their topic, supported by many references to peer-reviewed publications.[50]

In a 2003 study of Wikipedia as a community, economics Ph.D. student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in wiki software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.[51] In his 2008 book, "The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It," Jonathan Zittrain of the Oxford Internet Institute and Harvard Law School’s Berkman Center for Internet & Society cites Wikipedia' success as a case study in how open collaboration has fostered innovation on the web.[52]

Wikimania, an annual conference for users of Wikipedia and other projects operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.

The community has a power structure.[53][54] Wikipedia's community has also been described as "cult-like,"[55] although not always with entirely negative connotations,[56] and criticized for failing to accommodate inexperienced users.[57]

While they are welcomed by the community,[58] authors new to Wikipedia are encouraged to read policies to help them learn the ways of Wikipedia.[35] Editors in good standing in the community can run for one of many of levels of volunteer stewardship; this begins with "administrator"[59] and goes up with "steward" and "bureaucrat".[60] Administrators, the largest group of privileged users (Template:Srlink for the English edition on July 17, 2008), have the ability to delete pages, lock articles from being changed in case of vandalism or editorial disputes, and block users from editing.

As Wikipedia grows with an unconventional model of encyclopedia building, "Who writes Wikipedia?" has become one of the questions frequently asked on the project, often with a reference to other Web 2.0 projects such as Digg.[61] Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes a bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization". This was later disputed by Aaron Swartz, who noted that several articles he sampled had large portion of their content contributed by a user with low edit count.[62] A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site.[63] Although some contributors are authorities in their field, Wikipedia requires that even their contributions be supported by published and verifiable sources. The project's preference for consensus over credentials has been labeled "anti-elitism".[12]

While praising many aspects of Wikipedia, historian Roy Rosenzweig noted: "Overall, writing is the Achilles' heel of Wikipedia. Committees rarely write well, and Wikipedia entries often have a choppy quality that results from the stringing together of sentences or paragraphs written by different people."[64]

In August 2007, a website developed by computer science graduate student Virgil Griffith named WikiScanner made its public debut. WikiScanner traces the source of millions of changes made to Wikipedia by editors who are not logged in, which reveals that many of these edits come from corporations or sovereign government agencies about articles related to them, their personnel or their work, and were attempts to remove criticism.[65]

Reliability and bias

[edit]
Main article: Reliability of Wikipedia

Template:Seealso

Wikipedia

Operation

[edit]

Wikimedia Foundation and Wikia

[edit]
Wikimedia Foundation logo

Wikipedia is funded and operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wikibooks. In a 2008 interview, Jimmy Wales said that the foundation spent $2 million of donor money in 2007 toward site maintenance costs.[66] The foundation shares hosting and bandwidth costs with Wikia, a for-profit company founded by Jimmy Wales and Angela Beesley. The Wikimedia Foundation received some donated office space from Wikia Inc. during the fiscal year ending June 30 2006.[67]

In The New York Times in March 2008, Wales discussed a possible trivia game based on Wikipedia.[68]

Software and hardware

[edit]

The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database.[69] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker.

Overview of system architecture, May 2006. See server layout diagrams on Meta-Wiki.

Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of GNU/Linux servers, 300 in Florida, 26 in Amsterdam and 23 in Yahoo!'s Korean hosting facility in Seoul.[70] Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multitier architecture. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running MySQL, multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the Apache HTTP Server, and seven Squid cache servers.

Wikipedia receives between 20,000 and 45,000 page requests per second, depending on time of day.[71] Page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Squid caching servers.[72]Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. Two larger clusters in the Netherlands and Korea now handle much of Wikipedia's traffic load.

License and language editions

[edit]
See also: List of Wikipedias

All text in Wikipedia is covered by GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.[73] The position that Wikipedia is merely a hosting service has been successfully used as a defense in court.[74][75] Wikipedia has been working on the switch to Creative Commons licenses because the GFDL, initially designed for software manuals, is not suitable for online reference works and because the two licenses are currently incompatible.[76]

Contributors for English Wikipedia by country as of September 2006[77].

The handling of media files (e.g., image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, while the others have opted not to. This is in part because of the difference in copyright laws between countries; for example, the notion of fair use does not exist in Japanese copyright law. Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g., Creative Commons' cc-by-sa) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.

There are currently 262 language editions of Wikipedia; of these, 22 have over 100,000 articles and 79 have over 1,000 articles.[1] (See List of Wikipedias for the full list.) According to Alexa, the English subdomain (en.wikipedia.org; English Wikipedia) receives approximately 52% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages (Spanish: 19%, French: 5%, Polish: 3%, German: 3%, Japanese: 3%, Portuguese: 2%).[3] As of July 2008, the five largest language editions are (in order of article count) English, German, French, Polish and Japanese Wikipedias.[78]

Since Wikipedia is web-based and therefore worldwide, contributors of a same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences, (e.g. color vs. colour)[79] or points of view.[80] Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view," they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use.[81][82][83]

Percentage of all Wikipedia articles in English (red) and top ten largest language editions (blue). As of July 2008, less than 23% of Wikipedia articles are in English.

Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".[84] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all of its projects (Wikipedia and others). For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia and maintain a list of articles every Wikipedia should have. The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, foodstuffs, and mathematics. As for the rest, it is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might only be available in English.

Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions,[85] in part because automated translation of articles is disallowed.[86] Articles available in more than one language may offer "InterWiki" links, which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.

Several language versions have published a selection of Wikipedia articles on an optical disk version. An English version, 2006 Wikipedia CD Selection, contained about 2000 articles. Another English version [87] developed by Linterweb contains "1988 + articles".[88][89] The Polish version contains nearly 240000 articles.[90] There are also a few German versions.[91]

Cultural significance

[edit]
Main article: Wikipedia in culture‎
An xkcd strip entitled "Wikipedian Protester."

In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles,[92] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.[93] According to Alexa and comScore, Wikipedia is among the ten most visited websites world-wide.[11][94] Of the top ten, Wikipedia is the only non-profit website. The growth of Wikipedia has been fueled by its dominant position in Google search results;[95] about 50% of search engine traffic to Wikipedia comes from Google,[96] a good portion of which is related to academic research.[97] In April 2007 the Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.[98] In October 2006, the site was estimated to have a hypothetical market value of $580 million if it ran ads.[99]

Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.[100][101] The Parliament of Canada's website refers to Wikipedia's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act.[102] The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the U.S. Federal Courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization[103] – though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case.[104] Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some U.S. intelligence agency reports.[105]

Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism,[106] sometimes without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia.[107][108][109] In July 2007, Wikipedia was the focus of a 30-minute documentary on BBC Radio 4[110] which argued that, with increased usage and awareness, the number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture is such that the term is one of a select band of 21st-century nouns that are so familiar (Google, Facebook, YouTube) that they no longer need explanation and are on a par with such 20th-century terms as Hoovering or Coke. Many parody Wikipedia's openness, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Notably, comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term "wikiality".[111]

Wikipedia has also created an impact upon forms of media. Some media sources satirize Wikipedia's susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies, such as a front-page article in The Onion in July 2006 with the title "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence",[112] while others may draw upon Wikipedia's statement that anyone can edit, such as "The Negotiation", an episode of The Office, where character Michael Scott said that "Wikipedia is the best thing ever. Anyone in the world can write anything they want about any subject, so you know you are getting the best possible information", and a select few parody Wikipedia's policies, such as the xkcd strip named "Wikipedian Protester", that also included the joke "Semi-protect the Constitution!"

The first documentary film about Wikipedia, entitled Truth in Numbers: The Wikipedia Story, is scheduled for 2009 release. Shot on several continents, the film will cover the history of Wikipedia and feature interviews with Wikipedia editors around the world.[113][114] Dutch filmmaker IJsbrand van Veelen premiered his 45-minute documentary The Truth According to Wikipedia in April, 2008.[115]

On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 election campaign, saying, "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."[116] An October 2007 Reuters article, entitled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability.[117]

Wikipedia won two major awards in May 2004.[118] The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category.[119] Wikipedia was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. On January 26, 2007, Wikipedia was also awarded the fourth highest brand ranking by the readers of brandchannel.com, receiving 15% of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"[120]

[edit]
Find more about
Wikipedia
at Wikipedia's sister projects
Search Wiktionary Definitions from Wiktionary
Search Commons Media from Commons
Search Wikinews News stories from Wikinews
Search Wikiquote Quotations from Wikiquote
Search Wikisource Source texts from Wikisource
Search Wikibooks Textbooks from Wikibooks
Search Wikiversity Learning resources from Wikiversity

A number of interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project, which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from over 1 million contributors in the UK, and covering the geography, art and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user-interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project have now been emulated on a website.[121] One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2, which was also created by the BBC. The h2g2 encyclopedia was relatively light-hearted, focusing on articles which were both witty and informative. Both of these projects had similarities with Wikipedia, but neither gave full editorial freedom to public users.

Wikipedia has also spawned several sister projects. The first, "In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki",[122] created in October 2002,[123] detailed the September 11, 2001 attacks; this project was closed in October 2006. Wiktionary, a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002;[124] Wikiquote, a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched, and Wikibooks, a collection of collaboratively written free books. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects, including Wikiversity, a project for the creation of free learning materials and supporting learning activities.[125]

A similar non-wiki project, the GNUPedia project, co-existed with Nupedia early in its history; however, it has been retired and its creator, free software figure Richard Stallman, has lent his support to Wikipedia.[21]

Other websites centered on collaborative knowledge base development have drawn inspiration from or inspired Wikipedia. Some, such as Susning.nu, Enciclopedia Libre, and WikiZnanie likewise employ no formal review process, whereas others use more traditional peer review, such as Encyclopedia of Life, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Scholarpedia, h2g2 and Everything2.

Jimmy Wales, the de facto leader of Wikipedia,[126] said in an interview in regard to the online encyclopedia Citizendium which is overviewed by experts in their respective fields:[127] "We welcome a diversity of efforts. If Larry's project is able to produce good work, we will benefit from it by copying it back into Wikipedia."[128]

See also

[edit]
Meta has related information at: List of Wikipedias

Further reading

[edit]

Press coverage

[edit]

Academic studies

[edit]
  • Ulrike Pfeil, Panayiotis Zaphiris, and Chee Siang Ang (2006). "Cultural differences in collaborative authoring of Wikipedia". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 12 (1). Archived from the original on 2009-12-01. Retrieved 2021-02-09.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Joseph M. Reagle Jr. (2005). Do as I do: leadership in the Wikipedia. Wikipedia Drafts.
  • Wilkinson, Dennis M. (April 2007). "Assessing the value of cooperation in Wikipedia". First Monday. 12 (4). Archived from the original on 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2008-02-22. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |co-author= ignored (help)
  • Nielsen, Finn Årup (August 2007). "Scientific citations in Wikipedia". First Monday. 12 (8). Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2008-02-22.

Essays

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Statistics. English Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2008-06-21.
  2. ^ a b Jonathan Sidener. "Everyone's Encyclopedia", San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved on 2006-10-15. 
  3. ^ a b c Five-year traffic statistics for wikipedia.org. Alexa Internet. Retrieved on 2008-07-15. Archived 2022-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a work in progress. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2008-07-03.
  5. ^ Some versions such as the English one contain non-free images.
  6. ^ Miliard, Mike. "Wikipediots: Who are these devoted, even obsessive contributors to Wikipedia?", Salt Lake City Weekly, 2008-03-01. Retrieved on 2008-02-21.  Archived 2008-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ [1]
  8. ^ SnapShot of wikipedia.org at compete.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-19. Archived 2016-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Tancer, Bill. "Look Who's Using Wikipedia", Time, 2007-05-01. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. “The sheer volume of content [...] is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the U.S., Wikipedia is #1, capturing 24.3% of all visits to the category”  Archived 2012-08-03 at the Wayback Machine (the author's blog post on the article Archived 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine)
  10. ^ Woodson, Alex. "Wikipedia remains go-to site for online news", Reuters, 2007-07-08. Retrieved on 2007-12-16. “Online encyclopedia Wikipedia has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the top online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings.” 
  11. ^ a b Top 500. Alexa. Retrieved on 2007-12-04. Archived 2008-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ a b Larry Sanger, Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism, Kuro5hin, December 31, 2004.
  13. ^ Danah Boyd (2005-01-04). Academia and Wikipedia. Many-to-Many. Retrieved on 2007-02-11. Template:Rs
  14. ^ Simon Waldman (2004-10-26). Who knows?. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-02-11.
  15. ^ Ahrens, Frank (2006-07-09). Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles. The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2006-11-01.
  16. ^ Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Kushal Dave (2004). "Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations" (PDF). Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. Vienna, Austria: p. 575–582. ISBN 1-58113-702-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-11. Retrieved 2007-01-24. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ a b Reid Priedhorsky, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, Loren Terveen, John Riedl (2007-11-04). "Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia" (PDF). Association for Computing Machinery GROUP '07 conference proceedings. Sanibel Island, Florida, USA. Retrieved 2007-10-13.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Jonathan Dee. "All the News That's Fit to Print Out", The New York Times Magazine, 2007-07-01. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. 
  19. ^ Andrew Lih (2004-04-16). "Wikipedia as Participatory Journalism: Reliable Sources? Metrics for evaluating collaborative media as a news resource" (PDF). 5th International Symposium on Online Journalism. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-29. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
  20. ^ "Time's Person of the Year: You", Time, 2006-12-13.  Archived 2013-08-28 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ a b Stallman, Richard M. (2007-06-20). The Free Encyclopedia Project. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
  22. ^ Meyers, Peter. "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You", The New York Times, September 20, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-11-22. "I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph," said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.
  23. ^ a b Larry Sanger. "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir", Slashdot, April 18, 2005. 
  24. ^ Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
  25. ^ Larry Sanger. "Let's make a wiki", Internet Archive, January 10, 2001. 
  26. ^ Wikipedia: HomePage. Retrieved on 2001-03-31.
  27. ^ Larry Sanger. "Wikipedia is up!", Internet Archive, January 17, 2001. 
  28. ^ "Wikipedia:Neutral point of view, Wikipedia (21 January 2007)
  29. ^ "Multilingual statistics", Wikipedia, March 30, 2005
  30. ^ "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed.. 18. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. pp. 257–286.
  31. ^ [long Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008]. Osdir. Archived 2008-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ Shirky, Clay (February 28, 2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations. The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. p. 273. ISBN 1-594201-53-6. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ Jimmy Wales: "Announcing Wikimedia Foundation", June 20, 2003, <wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org>
  34. ^ Nair, Vipin. "Growing on volunteer power", Business Line, December 5, 2005. 
  35. ^ a b Kleinz, Torsten. "World of Knowledge", The Wikipedia Project, Linux Magazine, February, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 
  36. ^ The Japanese Wikipedia, for example, is known for deleting every mention of real names of victims of certain high-profile crimes, even though they may still be noted in other language editions.
  37. ^ Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Jesse Kriss, Frank van Ham (2007-01-03). "Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia" (PDF). Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research. Retrieved 2008-06-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Wikipedia:General disclaimer. English Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
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