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Environmental epidemiology

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi
ọzụzụ agụmakwụkwọ, medical specialty, specialty, field of study
obere ụdị nkeenvironmental studies, epidemiology Dezie
ndị n'eme yaenvironmental epidemiologist Dezie

Ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ nkeji nke ọrịa na-ahụ gbasara ịchọpụta otú ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi si emetụta ahụike mmadụ.[1] Ubi a na-achọ ịghọta otú ihe ize ndụ dị iche iche dị n'èzí nwere ike isi mee ka ma ọ bụ chebe megide ọrịa, ọrịa, mmerụ ahụ, nsogbu mmepe, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-eme ma ọ bụ nwee ike iwebata na gburugburu ebe ndị mmadụ bi, na-arụ ọrụ, na igwu egwu.

Mpaghara

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Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa nke Ụlọ ọrụ European maka gburugburu na ahụike (WHO-ECEH)

na-ekwu na ọnwụ nde 1.4 kwa afọ na Europe naanị bụ n'ihi ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi a na-apụghị izere ezere.[2] Enwere ike ịhazi ngosipụta gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụzọ sara mbara n'ime ndị dị nso (dịka, na-eduga kpọmkwem n'ọnọdụ ahụike), gụnyere kemịkal, ndị na-ahụ maka anụ ahụ, na nje microbiological, na ndị dị anya (dịka, na-eduga n'ọnọdụ ahụike), dị ka ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, mgbanwe ihu igwe, na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ sara mbara. Ngosipụta dị nso na-eme site na ikuku, nri, mmiri, na mmetụ akpụkpọ ahụ. Ngosipụta distal na-akpata ọnọdụ ahụike dị njọ kpọmkwem site n'ịgbanwe ngosipụta dị nso, na n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro nkwado ndị ọzọ maka ahụike mmadụ.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Nkwenye na gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ nwere ike ịchọta azụ na 460 BC na edemede Hippocrates On Airs, Waters, and Places .[3] N'ime ya, ọ na-agba ndị dọkịta ume ka ha tụgharịa uche n'otú ihe ndị dị ka mmiri ọṅụṅụ nwere ike isi metụta ahụike nke ndị ọrịa ha. Ihe atụ ọzọ a ma ama nke mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike bụ nsí ndu nke ndị Rom oge ochie nwetara, bụ ndị na-eji ndu na paịpụ mmiri ha na ite kichin.[4]

Tebụl nke Iwu United States ahọpụtara gbasara ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi
Iwu Afọ Nkọwa nkenke
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 1938 Kere United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 1947 Ndị na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe na ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ ahụhụ ga-edebanye aha na EPA; ọgwụ ahụhụ agaghị akpata mmerụ ahụ na-enweghị isi
Federal Water Pollution Control Act 1948 1977 A makwaara ya dị ka Clean Water Act, setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ ịdị mma mmiri
Iwu Ikuku Dị Ọcha 1955,

1977

Kere National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) maka nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike ọha na eze
Iwu mkpofu mkpofu siri ike 1965 Ụkpụrụ a kapịrị ọnụ maka mkpofu obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe
Iwu Nchebe na Ahụike Ọrụ 1970 Kere ụkpụrụ nchedo ndị ọrụ ma guzobe National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Iwu Nchịkwa Ihe Ndị Na-egbu egbu 1976 Nyere EPA ohere ịchịkwa kemịkal, gụnyere ikike ịmachibido ihe ndị e gosipụtara na ha na-emerụ mmadụ ahụ
Nzaghachi zuru oke nke gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwụghachi ụgwọ, na ibu ọrụ 1980 1986 A makwaara ya dị ka Superfund, ọ na-atụ ụtụ ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal na mmanụ ala iji kwado mkpochapu ebe mkpofu dị ize ndụ
Indoor Radon Abatement Act 1988 A na-akwụ ụgwọ maka mkpochapu radon na mmemme nyocha
Iwu Nchedo Ọdịmma Nri 1996 Emegharịrị Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, na Rodenticide Act iji tinye ihe achọrọ na ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ezi obi ike na ha anaghị akpata mmerụ ahụ mmadụ

Ọmụmụ ihe nlele

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Ọmụmụ ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụkarị ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke pụtara na ndị na-eme nnyocha na-eleba anya na ngosipụta ndị mmadụ na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi n'enweghị itinye aka wee hụ usoro ndị na-apụta.[5] Nke a bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ na-abụkarị ihe na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume ịme nyocha nyocha nke ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na ụmụ mmadụ.[6] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-eme nchọpụta enweghị ike ịgwa ụfọdụ ndị ọmụmụ ha ka ha na-ese siga iji hụ ma ha nwere nsonaazụ ahụike dara ogbenye karịa ndị a gwara ka ha ghara ịṅụ sịga.[5]

Edensibia

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  1. Merrill (2008). Environmental epidemiology : principles and methods. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 8–9. ISBN 9780763741525. OCLC 163589221. 
  2. Ostrava Declaration on Environment and Health. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved on December 5, 2018.
  3. Hippocrates (1881). On Airs, Waters, and Places. London: Wyman and Sons. 
  4. Boulakia (1972). "Lead in the Roman World". American Journal of Archaeology 76 (2): 139–144. DOI:10.2307/503857. ISSN 0002-9114. 
  5. 5.0 5.1 Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition: An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved on December 9, 2018.
  6. Gordis (2009). Epidemiology, 4th, Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 9781437700510. OCLC 489073248. 

Ịgụgụ ọzọ

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  • (2008) in Baker, D.: Environmental Epidemiology: Study Methods and Application. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852792-3. 

Njikọ mpụga

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