Kare yara

Kare yara
academic discipline (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	child welfare (en)
Filin aiki	social work (en)

Kariya ga yara (wanda kuma ake kira jin daɗin yara) shine Kare yara daga tashin hankali, cin zarafi, cin zarafin, da sakaci.^[1][2][3][4] Ya haɗa da gano alamun yiwuwar cutar. Wannan ya haɗa da amsawa ga zarge-zarge ko tuhumar cin zarafi, samar da tallafi da ayyuka don kare yara, da kuma riƙe wBabban burin kariya ga yara shine tabbatar da cewa duk yara suna da aminci kuma ba su da lahani ko haɗari.^[4][5] Har ila yau, kariya ta yara tana aiki don hana cutarwa ta gaba ta hanyar ƙirƙirar manufofi da tsarin da ke ganowa da amsawa ga haɗari kafin su haifar da lahani.^[6]aɗanda suka cutar da su.

Don cimma wadannan manufofi, bincike ya nuna cewa ya kamata a samar da ayyukan kariya ga yara a hanyar da ta dace.^[7][8][9] Wannan yana nufin la'akari da abubuwan zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, al'adu, tunanin mutum, da muhalli waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa ga haɗarin cutarwa ga kowane yara da iyalansu. Haɗin gwiwa a tsakanin bangarori da horo don ƙirƙirar cikakken tsarin tallafi da aminci ga yara ana buƙatar. ^[10][11]

Hakki ne na mutane, kungiyoyi, da gwamnatoci don tabbatar da cewa ana kare yara daga lahani kuma ana girmama hakkinsu.^[12] Wannan ya haɗa da samar da yanayi mai aminci ga yara su girma da ci gaba, kare su daga cin zarafin jiki, motsin rai da jima'i, da kuma tabbatar da cewa suna da damar samun ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da albarkatu don cika bukatun su na asali.^[13]

Tsarin kariya ga yara saiti ne na ayyuka, yawanci gwamnati ce, an tsara su don kare yara da matasa da ba su kai shekaru ba da kuma karfafa kwanciyar hankali na iyali. UNICEF ta bayyana ^[14] tsarin kariya ga yara kamar haka:

A karkashin Mataki na 19 na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara', 'tsarin kariya ga yara' yana ba da kariya ga Yara a ciki da waje. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a iya ba da wannan shine ta hanyar samar da ilimi mai inganci, na huɗu na Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ban da sauran tsarin kariya ga yara. Wasu wallafe-wallafen suna jayayya cewa kariya ta yara ta fara ne a lokacin daukar ciki; har ma da yadda daukar ciki ya faru na iya shafar ci gaban yaro.

Aikin yara shine aikin samun yara su shiga cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki na ɗan lokaci ko cikakken lokaci.^[15][16] Wannan aikin yana da lahani ga ci gaban jiki da tunani. An dauke shi wani nau'i ne na cin zarafi kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a kasashe da yawa.^[17][18]

Saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki, musamman a kasashe matalauta, ana tilasta yara suyi aiki don su tsira. Ayyukan yara galibi suna faruwa a cikin yanayi mai wahala, wanda ke da haɗari kuma yana lalata ilimin 'yan ƙasa na gaba, kuma yana ƙara haɗari ga manya.^[19] Yana da wahala a san daidai shekarun da yawan yara waɗanda abin ya shafa.^[20] Akalla yara miliyan 152 da ba su kai shekara biyar ba sun yi aiki a cikin 2016, amma an rage adadin saboda ba a ƙidaya aikin gida ba.^[21] Ba za a iya ƙidaya ainihin kididdigar daidai ba saboda yawancin lokuta na aikin yara ba a gani ba.

Haɗarin yara shine aikin sanya yaro a cikin halin da ake ciki wanda ya yi watsi da lafiyarsu ko rayuwarsu.^[22] Haɗarin yara na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na jiki da na tunani. Wannan na iya fitowa daga kulawar iyaye, watsi da yara, da sauran dalilai da yawa.

Kisan jarirai shine kisan jarirai da kananan yara da gangan.^[23][24][25] An rubuta wannan aikin a cikin tarihi kuma har yanzu yana faruwa a wasu al'adu a yau, yawanci sakamakon talauci da / ko wasu matsin lamba na zamantakewa.^[26] Iyaye, dangi, ko baƙi na iya aiwatar da kisan jarirai kuma galibi ana ganinsa a matsayin nau'in tashin hankali na jinsi, tunda ana iya kashe jarirai mata fiye da maza.^[27][28] A wasu lokuta, ana iya amfani da kisan jarirai don ɓoye shaidar jima'i ko fyade. An fi yin sa ne a al'adun da ake amfani da su a cikin al'adun inda ake da fifiko ga yara maza, ko kuma inda albarkatun ba su da yawa.

A wasu ƙasashe, ana iya ɗaure yara saboda laifuka na yau da kullun. A wasu ƙasashe, kamar Iran ko China, ana iya yanke wa masu laifi hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan da aka aikata yayin da suke yara (Amurka ta watsar da aikin a shekara ta 2005).^[29][30] A cikin yanayin da ake Amfani da yara na soja, suna kuma haɗarin zama fursunonin yaki. Sauran yara ana tilasta su cikin karuwanci, manya suna amfani da su don zirga-zirgar yara ba bisa ka'ida ba, ko kuma suna cikin haɗari ta talauci da yunwa.^[31][32] Kisan jarirai a yau yana ci gaba da yawa a yankunan da ke da matsanancin talauci da yawan jama'a, kamar sassan China da Indiya. Jarirai mata, a lokacin har ma da yanzu, suna da matukar damuwa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka zaɓi jima'i.^[33]

Yara da yawa da suka zo ga tsarin jin dadin yara suna yin hakan ne saboda yanayin da ake kira cin zarafin yara. Cin zarafi yawanci ya haɗa da cin zarafin iko, ko yin amfani da iko don wani dalili ba tare da niyya ba.^[34][35] Wannan ya haɗa da sakaci da gangan, da gangan ba tare da yin amfani da iko don manufar da aka nufa ba. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa aka bayyana cin zarafin yara a matsayin amfani da matsayin amincewa da aka saka hannun jari da iko.^[36]

• Cin zarafin jiki shine cin zarafin jiki ko kuma bulala a kan yaro. Yayinda harin ya sami mummunar sakamako wanda wanda aka azabtar bai yarda da shi ba (bambanci tsakanin tiyata da wuka) wanda aka azabta ya yarda da sakamakon batir amma yarjejeniyar ta yaudara ce ta wata hanya (misali tiyata mara amfani a ƙarƙashin ƙarya). Cin zarafin jiki kuma cin zarafi ne, kasancewar jiki da aka nufa don haifar da tsoro.
• Cin zarafin yara shine cin zarafin jima'i ko kuma batsa a kan yaro. Yawancin hare-haren jiki martani ne ga halin da ya shafi takamaiman wanda aka azabtar. Harin jima'i galibi gamsar da mai aikata laifin ne akan duk wani manufa da ya dace. Cin zarafin jima'i ya rufe kewayon hare-hare kai tsaye da kai tsaye (misali hotuna) da kuma hanyoyin sauƙaƙe kamar su stalking da laifukan intanet.
• An bayyana sakaci na yara a matsayin rashin ɗaukar isasshen matakai don kare yaro daga lahani, da kuma babban sakaci wajen samar da bukatun yaro. Bukatu sune matakan da za a dauka don karewa da samar da yaro. Tsaro shine aikin mutum da aka ba shi ikon alhakin yaro ya dauki matakan da suka dace don kare yaron. Idan an yi wa yaro cin zarafin jiki ko jima'i to akwai mutum (mai cin zarafi) da ke da alhakin harin da kuma mutum (marasa kulawa) da ke dauke da rashin karewa daga harin. A wasu lokuta suna iya zama iri ɗaya.
• Cin zarafin tunani shine lokacin da ya cika bukatun yaro ta hanyar daukar matakan da suka dace don karewa da samar wa yaron burin da jin daɗinsa dole ne a yi la'akari da shi yayin yanke shawara kan isar da tanadin da ya fi dacewa da bukatun yaro. Da gangan rashin samarwa daidai da sha'awar yaro da ji yayin da yake cikin mafi kyawun sha'awar yaron shine cin zarafin motsin rai (haɓaka da gangan na damuwa) ko kuma sakaci shine sakaci na motsin rai.

Hakkin iyaye shine wajibi ne na doka na iyaye don samar da bukatun jiki, motsin rai, da na kudi na yaransu. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da abinci, mafaka, tufafi, ilimi, kula da lafiya, da goyon bayan motsin rai. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da kare yaro daga lahani da tabbatar da amincinsu. A cikin 1984 Majalisar Turai, hukumar da ke kula da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, ta ba da Shawarwari R (84) 4 kan Ayyukan Iyaye.^[37] Wadannan sun bayyana alhakin iyaye a matsayin ayyukan 'aiki' da za a cika da kuma ikon da za a iya amfani da shi don biyan waɗannan ayyukan.^[38] Cin zarafin yara da sakaci shine gazawar mutumin da ke da iyaye ko wani alhakin kariya don yin amfani da iko don manufar da aka nufa, wanda shine amfanin yaro.

Ayyuka yawanci sun haɗa da ayyukan da aka tsara don tallafawa iyalai masu haɗari don su iya kasancewa cikakke don karewa da inganta walwalar yaro, bincike kan zargin cin zarafin yara kuma, idan ya cancanta, ɗaukar nauyin iyaye ta hanyar kulawa da tallafi.

Cin zarafin yara yana nufin kowane irin mummunan magani ko cin zarafi wanda ke haifar da lahani ga yaro mara taimako. Misalan Cin zarafin yara sun haɗa da cin zarafin jiki, cin zarafin jima'i, cin zarafi na motsin rai, cin zaraf, hanawa da sakaci.^[39] Tasirin cin zarafin da aka yi wa wadanda abin ya shafa sau da yawa ya haɗa da rauni na jiki, rauni na tunani da na halayyar, kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a cikin tsararraki.^[40][41]

Cin zarafin yara na mai kula da yara matsala ce ta duniya wacce za ta iya faruwa a cikin shirye-shiryen tallafi, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin zamantakewa ba kuma a lokuta na nuna bambanci da ciki da wuri ko ba a so. Yara da aka karɓa na iya zama abin ƙyama fiye da yara na halitta. Bugu da ƙari, yara na iya shan wahala saboda matsayinsu na zamantakewa, kuma an rubuta nuna bambanci bisa ga launin fata a matsayin abin da ke haifar da cin zarafin yara. Ciki mara kyau na iya kara tashin hankali a cikin gida, wanda zai iya haifar da cin zarafin yaro.^[42]

Akwai ayyuka daban-daban don magance ko hana cin zarafin yara; kamfanoni ko hukumomin gwamnati na iya bayar da waɗannan ayyukan. Inda waɗannan ayyukan suka haɗu da shari'o'in zalunci, jihar ta haifar da yanayin iyali mai tallafawa ga yaron da aka zalunta. Wannan ya haɗa da tsara ƙungiyoyin jama'a da masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da kulawa ga yara da iyalai.^[43]

Rashin kula da yara na iya faruwa a lokuta inda jihar ko wasu masu kula da yara ke da alhakin jin daɗin yaro.

Binciken Hukumar Tarayyar Turai na 2014 game da tsarin kariya ga yara ya lissafa waɗannan nau'ikan yara da ke buƙatar taimako: ^[44]

• Yara da aka zalunta ko zalunci na yanar gizo
• Yara da aka yi wa yankan mata ko auren tilas
• Yara da aka yi wa watsi da su ko kuma cin zarafi
• Yara da aka yi wa cin zarafin jima'i / cin zarafin
• Wadanda aka yi wa fataucin yara
• Yaran da ke fama da rikice-rikicen kula da yara, gami da sace yara na iyaye
• Yara daga cikin kabilun tsiraru, misali Roma
• Yaran da aka bari a baya (daga iyaye da suka koma wata kasa ta EU don aiki)
• Yara a cikin yanayin ƙaura
• Yara a cikin shari'a
• Yara a cikin ko a cikin haɗarin talauci
• Yara a hannun 'yan sanda ko tsare
• Yaran iyaye a kurkuku ko tsare
• Yara masu nakasa
• Yara ba tare da kulawar iyaye ba / a cikin wani kulawa
• Yaran da ba su da ilimi ko horo ko yara masu aiki a kasa da shekarun aiki don aiki
• Yaran da suka ɓace (misali masu gudu, yara da aka sace, yara marasa raka'a suna ɓacewa)
• Yara marasa raka'a a cikin yanayin ƙaura

Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya (ILO) hukuma ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke kula da batutuwan aiki, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1919. Yana kula da batutuwan aikin yara, musamman tare da tarurruka 138 da 182.

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1959 Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da Sanarwar 'Yancin Yara a lokacin Yarjejeniyar kan' Yancin Yara.

Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) Shirin Majalisar Dinkinobho ne wanda ke da hedikwata a Birnin New York, wanda ke ba da taimakon jin kai da ci gaba na dogon lokaci ga yara da uwaye a kasashe masu tasowa.  ^{[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]}

In 2000, an agreement was reached among countries belonging to the United NationsSamfuri:Ambiguous countries about the military use of children. ^{[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]}

Ana kalubalantar tasirin waɗannan shirye-shiryen kuma yana da iyaka ga wasu.   ^{[<span title="This information is too vague. (May 2014)">vague</span>]}

Provincial or state governments' child protection legislation empowers the government department or agency to provide services in the area and to intervene in families where child abuse or other problems are suspected. The agency that manages these services has various names in different provinces and states, e.g., Department of Children's Services, Children's Aid, Department of Child and Family Services. There is some consistency in the nature of laws, though the application of the laws varies across the country.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta magance cin zarafin yara a matsayin batun haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta ƙara wani sashi musamman ga yara a cikin Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Recognizing that the child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding should be afforded the right to survival; to develop to the fullest; to protection from harmful influences, abuse and exploitation; and to participate fully in family, cultural and social life.

1. ↑ Katz, Ilan; Katz, Carmit; Andresen, Sabine; Bérubé, Annie; Collin-Vezina, Delphine; Fallon, Barbara; Fouché, Ansie; Haffejee, Sadiyya; Masrawa, Nadia; Muñoz, Pablo; Priolo Filho, Sidnei R.; Tarabulsy, George; Truter, Elmien; Varela, Natalia; Wekerle, Christine (June 2021). "Child maltreatment reports and Child Protection Service responses during COVID-19: Knowledge exchange among Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Germany, Israel, and South Africa". Child Abuse & Neglect. 116 (Pt 2): 105078. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105078. ISSN 0145-2134. PMC 8446926 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33931238 Check |pmid= value (help).
2. ↑ Oates, Kim (July 2013). "Medical dimensions of child abuse and neglect". Child Abuse & Neglect. 37 (7): 427–429. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.05.004. ISSN 0145-2134. PMID 23790510.
3. ↑ Southall, David; MacDonald, Rhona (2013-11-01). "Protecting children from abuse: a neglected but crucial priority for the international child health agenda". Paediatrics and International Child Health. 33 (4): 199–206. doi:10.1179/2046905513Y.0000000097. ISSN 2046-9047. PMID 24070186. S2CID 29250788.
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1} Barth, R.P. (October 1999). "After Safety, What is the Goal of Child Welfare Services: Permanency, Family Continuity or Social Benefit?". International Journal of Social Welfare. 8 (4): 244–252. doi:10.1111/1468-2397.00091. ISSN 1369-6866.
5. ↑ Editorial team, Collective (2008-09-11). "WHO Regional Office for Europe and UNAIDS report on progress since the Dublin Declaration". Eurosurveillance. 13 (37). doi:10.2807/ese.13.37.18981-en. ISSN 1560-7917. PMID 18801311.
6. ↑ Nixon, Kendra L.; Tutty, Leslie M.; Weaver-Dunlop, Gillian; Walsh, Christine A. (December 2007). "Do good intentions beget good policy? A review of child protection policies to address intimate partner violence". Children and Youth Services Review. 29 (12): 1469–1486. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.09.007. ISSN 0190-7409.
7. ↑ Holland, S. (2004-01-01). "Liberty and Respect in Child Protection". British Journal of Social Work. 34 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bch003. ISSN 0045-3102.
8. ↑ Wulcyzn, Fred; Daro, Deborah; Fluke, John; Gregson, Kendra (2010). "Adapting a Systems Approach to Child Protection in a Cultural Context: Key Concepts and Considerations" (in Turanci). doi:10.1037/e516652013-176. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
9. ↑ Léveillé, Sophie; Chamberland, Claire (2010-07-01). "Toward a general model for child welfare and protection services: A meta-evaluation of international experiences regarding the adoption of the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and Their Families (FACNF)". Children and Youth Services Review (in Turanci). 32 (7): 929–944. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.03.009. ISSN 0190-7409.
10. ↑ Winkworth, Gail; White, Michael (March 2011). "Australia's Children 'Safe and Well'?1 Collaborating with Purpose Across Commonwealth Family Relationship and State Child Protection Systems: Australia's Children 'Safe and Well'". Australian Journal of Public Administration (in Turanci). 70 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8500.2010.00706.x.
11. ↑ Wulcyzn, Fred; Daro, Deborah; Fluke, John; Gregson, Kendra (2010). "Adapting a Systems Approach to Child Protection in a Cultural Context: Key Concepts and Considerations". doi:10.1037/e516652013-176. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
12. ↑ Howe, R. Brian; Covell, Katherine (July 2010). "Miseducating children about their rights". Education, Citizenship and Social Justice (in Turanci). 5 (2): 91–102. doi:10.1177/1746197910370724. ISSN 1746-1979. S2CID 145540907.
13. ↑ "Child protection". www.unicef.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-03-07. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
14. ↑ "Economic and Social Council" (PDF). UNICEF. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
15. ↑ ANKER, Richard (September 2000). "The economics of child labour: A framework for measurement". International Labour Review. 139 (3): 257–280. doi:10.1111/j.1564-913x.2000.tb00204.x. ISSN 0020-7780.
16. ↑ Martin, Mervyn (June 2013). "Child labour: parameters, developmental implications, causes and consequences". Contemporary Social Science. 8 (2): 156–165. doi:10.1080/21582041.2012.751501. ISSN 2158-2041. S2CID 167660954.
17. ↑ Donnelly, Peter; Petherick, Leanne (September 2004). "Workers' Playtime? Child Labour at the Extremes of the Sporting Spectrum". Sport in Society. 7 (3): 301–321. doi:10.1080/1743043042000291659. ISSN 1743-0437. S2CID 145578897.
18. ↑ "Child Maltreatment 2014 Best Article Award". Child Maltreatment. 20 (3): 221. 2015-07-13. doi:10.1177/1077559515594086. ISSN 1077-5595. S2CID 220187852.
19. ↑ Grey, Jeffrey; Brett, Rachel; Specht, Irma (2005). "Young Soldiers: Why They Choose to Fight". International Journal. 60 (4): 1181. doi:10.2307/40204117. ISSN 0020-7020. JSTOR 40204117.
20. ↑ Digital, Swace (2007). "Save the Children's Definition of Child Protection". Save the Children's Resource Centre (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-08.
21. ↑ "Global Estimates of Child Labour, Results and Trends, 2012–2016" (PDF). International Labour Organization (in Turanci). 2017. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
22. ↑ "10 U.S. Code § 919b – Art. 119b. Child endangerment". Office of the Law Revision Council United States Code. 2016-12-23. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
23. ↑ Higginbotham (2011). "<em>Reformers, Patrons and Philanthropists: The Cowper-Temples and High Politics in Victorian England</em>, by James Gregory". Victorian Studies. 53 (3): 536. doi:10.2979/victorianstudies.53.3.536. ISSN 0042-5222. S2CID 142590142.
24. ↑ Brookman, Fiona; Nolan, Jane (July 2006). "The Dark Figure of Infanticide in England and Wales". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 21 (7): 869–889. doi:10.1177/0886260506288935. ISSN 0886-2605. PMID 16731989. S2CID 11302352.
25. ↑ Denham, Aaron R.; Adongo, Philip B.; Freydberg, Nicole; Hodgson, Abraham (August 2010). "Chasing spirits: Clarifying the spirit child phenomenon and infanticide in Northern Ghana". Social Science & Medicine. 71 (3): 608–615. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.022. ISSN 0277-9536. PMID 20605304.
26. ↑ Patterson, Cynthia (1985). ""Not Worth the Rearing": The Causes of Infant Exposure in Ancient Greece". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 115: 103–123. doi:10.2307/284192. ISSN 0360-5949. JSTOR 284192.
27. ↑ Bhatt, R.V. (December 1998). "Domestic violence and substance abuse". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 63: S25–S31. doi:10.1016/s0020-7292(98)00181-7. ISSN 0020-7292. PMID 10075209. S2CID 25528652.
28. ↑ Krantz, G. (2005-10-01). "Violence against women". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 59 (10): 818–821. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.022756. ISSN 0143-005X. PMC 1732916. PMID 16166351. S2CID 29376851.
29. ↑ B., J. H.; Young, E. Hilton (November 1912). "Foreign Companies and Other Corporations". Harvard Law Review. 26 (1): 96. doi:10.2307/1324306. ISSN 0017-811X. JSTOR 1324306.
30. ↑ HOOD, ROGER (July 2001). "Capital Punishment". Punishment & Society. 3 (3): 331–354. doi:10.1177/1462474501003003001. ISSN 1462-4745. S2CID 143875533.
31. ↑ Ibarra, Peter R. (July 2007). "Children in the Global Sex Trade. By Julia O'Connell Davidson. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005. Pp. viii+178. $62.95 (cloth); $24.95 (paper)". American Journal of Sociology. 113 (1): 292–294. doi:10.1086/520904. ISSN 0002-9602.
32. ↑ Ojo, Matthias Olufemi Dada (2013-01-28). "A Sociological Investigation of Awareness and Causes of Intimate Partner Violence in Nigeria: A Survey of Agege, Lagos State". Asian Social Science. 9 (2). doi:10.5539/ass.v9n2p231. ISSN 1911-2025.
33. ↑ Nandi, Arindam; Deolalikar, Anil B. (July 2013). "Does a legal ban on sex-selective abortions improve child sex ratios? Evidence from a policy change in India". Journal of Development Economics. 103: 216–228. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.02.007. ISSN 0304-3878.
34. ↑ Zimring, Franklin E.; Johnson, David T. (2005-05-26). "On the Comparative Study of Corruption". The British Journal of Criminology. 45 (6): 793–809. doi:10.1093/bjc/azi042. ISSN 1464-3529.
35. ↑ Orentlicher, Diane F. (1991). "Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime". The Yale Law Journal. 100 (8): 2537–2615. doi:10.2307/796903. ISSN 0044-0094. JSTOR 796903.
36. ↑ World Health Organization (January 2002). "WHO/CONRAD Technical Consultation on Nonoxynol-9, World Health Organization, Geneva, 9–10 October 2001: Summary Report". Reproductive Health Matters. 10 (20): 175–181. doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(02)00085-x. ISSN 0968-8080. PMID 12569895. S2CID 23890301.
37. ↑ "Council of Europe European Committee on Legal Co-operation – European Committee on Legal Co-operation – www.coe.int". European Committee on Legal Co-operation. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
38. ↑ "Children Act 1989". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
39. ↑ "ERIC – Education Resources Information Center". eric.ed.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
40. ↑ "Home – Child Welfare Information Gateway". www.childwelfare.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
41. ↑ "Child Protection Integrated Flood Response". www.shifafoundation.org. 15 April 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
42. ↑ "National Center for Biotechnology Information". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-23.
43. ↑ "UK Government Web Archive" (PDF). Archived from the original on April 1, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2023.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
44. ↑ "EUSurvey – Survey unavailable". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved June 13, 2023.