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Okehampton (UK Parliament constituency)

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Okehampton
Former borough constituency
for the House of Commons
1640–1832
SeatsTwo

Okehampton was a parliamentary borough in Devon, which elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons in 1301 and 1313, then continuously from 1640 to 1832, when the borough was abolished by the Great Reform Act.

History

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The borough consisted of part of the parish of Okehampton, an entirely rural area with the small market town of Okehampton itself at its centre. In 1831, the population of the borough was 1,508, and contained 318 houses; the whole parish had a population of 2,055.

From its revival in the 17th century, the right to vote in Okehampton rested with all the freeholders and freemen of the borough, but the Town Corporation had considerable influence over the rest of the voters, and when it was unable to have its way by persuasion did not always stop short of outright coercion. In 1705 at the corporation's instigation an Okehampton freeman was forced into the army, and then offered his discharge if he would vote for Sir Simon Leach. (This was illegal on every count, for voters had statutory exemption from impressment.)

Through control of the corporation (which like most at that period was self-electing), the main local landowners or "patrons" of the borough could therefore be sure of being able to choose Okehampton's MPs; this favour was maintained either by direct expenditure or by working for the interests of the Corporation members in other ways. As landowners they also had power to create voters directly, since they could convey the freehold of parcels of their land in the borough to reliable placemen. In the mid 18th century, the patrons were Thomas Pitt and the Duke of Bedford, and each was regarded as having unrestrained power to nominate one MP.

However, Pitt mortgaged his seat to the government after going bankrupt in 1754,[1] so that at the next two elections the ministry could nominate a member. The government had to secure this influence by exercising patronage, and Namier quotes a number of letters that show how the process worked in Okehampton. In 1759, the corporation was eager for the promotion of a local naval officer, Lieutenant Joseph Hunt. The Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle, urged Lord Anson, the First Lord of the Admiralty, to promote Hunt because "the interest of the borough of Oakhampton ... absolutely depends upon it. The King expects that I should keep up his interest in boroughs; I can't do it without I have the assistance of the several branches of the Government." Anson grudgingly replied that whenever the borough became vacant by the death of the sitting member he would promote Hunt to a command, but he also protested that the frequent demands to use naval patronage for political reasons weakened the navy "which has done more mischeif to the publick ... than the loss of a vote in the House of Commons".

In the event the sitting member, Thomas Potter, died just two days later and the following day Hunt was promoted to Commander. The new MP was a Rear-Admiral, George Brydges Rodney, and he seems to have secured his election with the promise of further preferment for Hunt: 18 months later, on the eve of the next general election, the government's election-manager in Okehampton wrote to Rodney to remind him that he had promised that Hunt should be made his flag Captain as soon as he had a ship. Rodney, knowing that Anson was unlikely to agree to promote Hunt again, wrote asking Newcastle to help by insisting upon it; but, instead, Rodney was persuaded to stand at Penryn rather than Okehampton, and the captaincy of the flagship went to a Penryn man. (In fact Hunt got his promotion the same month, December 1760, but was killed in action the following year.)

Circumstances in Okehampton were somewhat changed at the end of the 18th century, however, by the judgments in two disputed elections. In 1791, there was a petition against the result of an election at which the patrons – who were, by this time, the Duke of Bedford and Earl Spencer – had created 72 new voters by conveying them freeholds a few weeks before the election. The Commons committee that heard the petition declared all 72 votes invalid.

Spencer and Bedford shortly afterwards sold their interest in the borough, and it was eventually bought by Albany Savile for £60,000. A second disputed election in 1810 led to a judgment that reaffirmed and strengthened the patron's power: on this occasion, it was determined that the franchise belonged to the freeholders and freemen of the borough, and further that the patron had the right to create freemen at will. This, of course, gave him total control of elections since he could create new voters without limit to swamp any opposition. Nevertheless, the relationship was not one-sided, and Savile did much for the town, lending considerable sums to the Corporation which were never repaid.

In 1816 there were 220 voters.

Okehampton was abolished as a constituency by the Reform Act. The borough was on the boundary between the new Northern Devon and Southern Devon county divisions, and its voters were divided between the two from 1832.

Members of Parliament

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Okehampton re-enfranchised by Parliament in Nov 1640

1640–1832

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Year First member First party Second member Second party
November 1640 Edward Thomas Parliamentarian Lawrence Whitaker Parliamentarian
December 1648 Thomas excluded in Pride's Purge – seat vacant
1653 Okehampton was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament and the First and Second Parliaments of the Protectorate
January 1659 Robert Everland Edward Wise
May 1659 Not represented in the restored Rump
1660 Josias Calmady I Edward Wise
1661 Sir Thomas Hele
1671 Sir Arthur Harris
1677 Henry Northleigh
1679 Josias Calmady II
1681 Sir George Cary
1685 Sir Simon Leach William Cary
1689 Henry Northleigh
1694 John Burrington
1695 Thomas Northmore
1698 William Harris
1702 Sir Simon Leach
1705 John Dibble
1708 William Harris
1709 Christopher Harris
1713 William Northmore Tory
1722 Robert Pitt John Crowley
1727 William Northmore Tory Thomas Pitt
1735 George Lyttelton
1754 Robert Vyner
1756 William Pitt (the Elder) Whig
1757 Thomas Potter
1759 Rear Admiral George Brydges Rodney
1761 Alexander Forrester Wenman Coke
1768 Thomas Pitt Thomas Brand
1770 Hon. Richard Fitzpatrick
1774 Richard Vernon Alexander Wedderburn Tory
1778 Humphrey Minchin
1784[2] John Luxmoore Thomas Wiggens
1785 Viscount Malden Humphrey Minchin
1790 Colonel John St Leger[3] Robert Ladbroke
1796 Thomas Tyrwhitt Whig Richard Bateman-Robson Whig
1802 Henry Holland, junior Whig James Charles Stuart Strange Whig
1804 Viscount Althorp Whig
1806 Richard Bateman-Robson Whig Joseph Foster-Barham Whig
1807 Gwyllym Lloyd Wardle Whig Albany Savile Tory
1812 The Lord Graves Tory
1818 Christopher Savile Tory
1819 The Lord Dunalley Whig
1820 Lord Glenorchy Whig
1824 William Henry Trant Tory
1826 Sir Compton Domvile Tory Joseph Strutt Tory
1830 Lord Seymour Tory George Agar-Ellis Whig
April 1831 William Henry Trant Tory John Thomas Hope Tory
July 1831 Sir Richard Vyvyan Tory
1832 Constituency abolished

Notes

  1. ^ Page 141, Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (2nd edition - London: St Martin's Press, 1957)
  2. ^ At the election of 1784, Luxmoore and Wiggens were initially returned as elected, but on petition they were declared not have been duly elected and their opponents, Malden and Minchen, were seated in their place
  3. ^ Major-General from 1795

References

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  • Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807) [1]
  • T. H. B. Oldfield, The Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland (London: Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, 1816)
  • J Holladay Philbin, Parliamentary Representation 1832 – England and Wales (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965)
  • Edward Porritt and Annie G Porritt, The Unreformed House of Commons (Cambridge University Press, 1903)
  • Henry Stooks Smith, "The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847" (2nd edition, edited by FWS Craig – Chichester: Parliamentary Reference Publications, 1973)
  • Frederic A Youngs, jr, "Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol I" (London: Royal Historical Society, 1979)
  • Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "O"