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List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Georgia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Note: This is a sublist of List of Confederate monuments and memorials from the Georgia section.

This is a list of Confederate monuments and memorials in Georgia that were established as public displays and symbols of the Confederate States of America (CSA), Confederate leaders, or Confederate soldiers of the American Civil War. Part of the commemoration of the American Civil War, these symbols include monuments and statues, flags, holidays and other observances, and the names of schools, roads, parks, bridges, counties, cities, lakes, dams, military bases, and other public works.[note 1]

This list does not include items which are largely historic in nature such as historic markers or battlefield parks if they were not established to honor the Confederacy. Nor does it include figures connected with the origins of the Civil War or white supremacy, but not with the Confederacy.

Georgia has a statute making it difficult to remove Confederate monuments because it is unlawful to damage, relocate or remove any memorials honoring any military personnel of the state or USA or the Confederate States of America.[2]

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 201 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Georgia.[3]

State capitol

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John Brown Gordon statue in front of the Georgia State Capitol

State flag

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Flag of Georgia since 2003

The current (2024) Georgia flag is based on the first national flag of the Confederacy, which was nicknamed the "Stars and Bars".[7]

State holiday

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Stone Mountain (state monument)

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Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial Carving (1923–72)

Stone Mountain is owned by the state of Georgia. When Georgia purchased the site, "it was designated as a memorial to the Confederacy".[9] The Stone Mountain Park officially opened on April 14, 1965 – 100 years to the day after Lincoln's assassination.[10] Site of the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan (the Second Clan), on the top of the mountain, with cross burning, in 1915. Stone Mountain was the location of an annual Labor Day cross-burning ceremony for the next 50 years.[11] In 2019 it is the most-visited attraction in the state of Georgia.[12]

  • Four flags of the Confederacy are flown.[13]
  • The Stone Mountain Memorial Lawn "contains...thirteen terraces — one for each Confederate state.... Each terrace flies the flag that the state flew as member of the Confederacy."[4]
  • Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial Carving, 1923–72, the largest such carving in the world.

Buildings

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Monuments

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Courthouse monuments

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Other public monuments

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Henry Wirz memorial, Andersonville
Crisp County Confederate Monument, Cordele
Alexander H. Stephens statue, A. H. Stephens Historic Park, Crawfordville
Joseph E. Johnston, Dalton
Unveiling of "Dutchy", Elberton
Monument to the Great Locomotive Chase, Ringgold
  • Abbeville: Confederate Memorial Monument (1909)
  • Americus: Confederate Monument (1900)
  • Andersonville: Andersonville National Historic Site: Monument to Henry Wirz, Commander of the Confederate prison, Camp Sumter, at Andersonville, "where approximately thirteen thousand Union troops...died of disease, starvation, and exposure."[36] Erected by UDC in 1909.[37]
  • Athens: Athens Confederate Monument (1872)[38]
  • Atlanta
    • Jefferson Davis Highway Marker, on East College Avenue near South McDonough St. Marked U.D.C. (United Daughters of the Confederacy), June 12, 1931.[4]
    • CSA Brig. Gen. Alfred Iverson Jr. Monument[39]
    • Oakland Cemetery
      • Confederate Obelisk, inscribed "Our Confederate Dead 1873", in the Confederate section of the cemetery. Made of Stone Mountain granite, it is the tallest object in the Cemetery.[4] In 2019 the city decided to add e marker contextualizing its continued placement on state-owned property.[12]
      • Lion of the Confederacy, also known as the Lion of Atlanta,[40] inscribed "Unknown Confederate Dead".[4] Created to memorialize "the lost cause", the monument is a copy of the Lion of Lucerne.[40] The statue was carved by T. M. Brady, who owned the Georgia Marble Finishing Works in Canton. Surrounded by the bodies of an estimated 3,000 unnamed Confederate soldiers, it was commissioned by the Atlanta Ladies Memorial Association and dedicated on Confederate Memorial Day in 1894."[40] In 2019, the city of Atlanta added a marker contextualizing its continued placement on state-owned property.[12] The face of the Georgia monument was destroyed by protesters during the first week of June 2020. On August 18, 2021, the statue was removed due to frequent vandalism.[41]
    • Peachtree Battle Avenue Monument (1935), a stone-engraved memorial commemorating the Battle of Peachtree Creek (1864). Because state law prohibits its removal, a panel was added in 2019 saying: "[The monument] describes the United States after the civil war as a perfected nation. This ignores the segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans and others that still existed in 1935."[12]
    • Peace Monument (1911), Allen George Newman, sculptor, inside the 14th Street gate of Piedmont Park. Features a winged goddess declaring "Cease Firing – Peace Is Proclaimed," to a Confederate soldier holding a rifle. Defaced by protestors after the Charlottesville Unite the Right rally, on August 13, 2017.[42] A committee set up by then-Mayor Kasim Reed in 2017 recommended it be removed.[43] Since state law prohibits removal, a "contextual" panel was added in 2019, stating that the monument "excludes all African Americans, of which nearly 200,000 served in the U.S. Army".[12][44]
    • Rhodes Hall, formerly a private mansion, features a set of stained-glass windows entitled "The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy."[4]
    • Sidney Lanier Monument (1914), a stele and bust honoring Sidney Lanier, a former Confederate soldier and the "Poet of the Confederacy".[45][46]
    • W.H.T. Walker Monument, on the spot where he was shot and killed by a Union sniper. At intersection of Wilkinson Drive and Glenwood Avenue.[4] One half mile to the west, at the intersection of Monument and McPherson Avenues, is a memorial erected by the U.S. Army for Major General John B. McPherson on the spot at which he was killed by Confederate forces on the same day (July 22, 1864, during the Battle of Atlanta).[4]
    • Westview Cemetery Memorial. Marks the site of the Battle of Ezra Church. A soldier on an obelisk, above two small stone cannons and cannonballs. Inscribed "Nation shall not lift sword against nation" (Isaiah 2:4). Confederate flag flown, along with U.S. and Georgia flags.
    • Eternal Flame of the Confederacy Monument (1939), a pre-Civil War gas streetlamp that was part of the Atlanta premiere of the film Gone with the Wind, now at the Atlanta History Center. Its plaque reads:
      The Eternal Flame of the Confederacy
      Lighted during the "Gone with the Wind" festivities, December 14, 1939 by the Old Guard Battalion of the Gate City Guard.
The Gate City Guard was "a Confederate-era city militia".[4] The streetlamp was originally located at the corner of Alabama and Whitehall (now Peachtree) Streets, and was moved several times prior to its installation in Underground Atlanta. Redevelopment of that area led the city to want to remove it. Since it was valued at less than $500, the Georgia law controlling historic monuments did not apply.[4] The Atlanta History Center purchased the streetlamp for $10.[47]
  • Augusta
  • Baxley: Confederate memorial
  • Brunswick: Confederate memorial in Hanover Square.[50] This monument was removed on May 17, 2022, and although the City Commission voted to remove it in 2020 the final action was delayed due to legal tension. The monument is currently awaiting final relocation to Confederate Soldiers Park in Waynesville.[51]
  • Calhoun: Confederate Soldier and Memorial Arch (1927).[52]
  • Canton: Confederate Memorial Arch, Brown Park (1923).[53]
  • Cochran: Bleckley County Confederate Monument, old Cochran City School (1910).[54][55]
  • Cockspur Island: Immortal Six Hundred at Fort Pulaski National Monument
  • Columbus:
    • Confederate Monument, city street median (1879).[56]
    • Tyler Home – Ladies Aid Society Memorial, Veteran's Parkway (1936).[57][dubiousdiscuss]
  • Commerce: UDC monument (1941) in Spencer Park to women and veterans of the War Between the States. High school students sang Dixie at the dedication ceremony.[34]
  • Cordele: Crisp County Confederate Monument, community clubhouse (1911).[58]
  • Crawfordville: Alexander H. Stephens statue (1893), A. H. Stephens Historic Park, Crawfordville[59]
  • Cuthbert: Randolph County Confederate Monument, city park (1910).[60]
  • Dalton: Two memorials to CSA Gen. Joseph E. Johnston:
    • Johnson statue (1912) in downtown Dalton. The UDC commissioned Belle Kinney to sculpt the bronze statue, in which Johnston is posed with "an expression of deep thought, with his sword resting at his feet". Kinney explained, "General Johnston, in command of an army vastly inferior in numbers to General Sherman's army, had to use his brains more than his sword; hence I made the sword subservient to the brain."[61]
    • Memorial plaque at Johnston Headquarters, Huff House[62]
  • Decatur: DeKalb County Confederate Monument. Obelisk located behind Old DeKalb County Courthouse on Decatur Square. The monument has been defaced several times.[63] A petition is calling for its removal.[64] According to the DeKalb County Commission, part of the problem is that no one wants it. "The county has spent months trying to find takers for the monument. Officials purchased advertisements and cold called museums and parks."[65] Removed in 2020 following George Floyd protests.[66]
  • Douglas: Confederate memorial, corner of Peterson Avenue (U.S. Route 441 southbound) and Ward Street (U.S. Route 221 Business westbound).
  • Eatonton: Eatonton Confederate Monument, median in front of the Putnam County Courthouse (1908).[67]
  • Elberton:
    • "Dutchy" (dedicated 1898; removed 1900; placed on display in Elberton 1982). Wanting to promote its granite industry and honor the Lost Cause, Elberton commissioned an Italian immigrant who "had clearly never seen a Confederate soldier" to sculpt a 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) granite monument. Unveiled in 1898, the sculpture had a cartoonish face, bulbous eyes, and appeared to be wearing a Union Army uniform. Nicknamed "Dutchy" because it looked like a cross between a Pennsylvania Dutchman and a hippopotamus, the monument was pulled down and buried where it fell in the town square in 1900. The sculpture was exhumed in 1982, run through a local car wash, and then placed on display in the Elberton Granite Museum, where it remains.[68][69]
    • Elbert County Confederate Memorial (1898), Elberton Town Plaza[70]
  • Fitzgerald: Jefferson Davis Monument, Jefferson Davis Memorial Historic Site (1920).
  • Fort Oglethorpe: Chickamauga & Chattanooga National Military Park. Numerous monuments and memorials to Confederate soldiers and units, as well as Union monuments.
  • Franklin: Heard County Confederate Monument, Veterans Park (1999).[71]
  • Gainesville:
    • "Old Joe", Hall County Confederate Monument, town square (1909).[72]
    • A totem pole honoring local Confederate soldiers was erected in 1936 at Redwine Methodist Church. The monument no longer exists.[34]
    • Statue of CSA General James Longstreet at his home[34]
  • Gray: Memorial to soldiers in the War Between the States and the World War.
  • Griffin: Confederate Monument, Veterans Memorial Plaza (1909).[73]
  • Hamilton: Memorial honoring Confederate dead.
  • Hawkinsville: Confederate Sons of America memorial (Confederate States of America?)
  • Jefferson: Confederate memorial in the downtown.[74]
  • Jeffersonville: Confederate Memorial, across the street from the Twiggs County Courthouse (1911).[75]
  • Kingston: First Confederate Hospital of the Civil War, Main Street.[76]
  • LaFayette: Walker County Confederate Monument, John B. Gordon Hall (1909).[77][78]
  • LaGrange: Monument to the Confederate Soldier, median (1902).[79]
  • Lincolnton: Lincoln County Confederate Monument, center of town.[80]
  • Macon: Bibb County Confederate Monument, triangle park downtown (1879).[81] Moved to present location in 1956.
    Confederate Monument in Macon, GA, c. 1870s
  • Madison: Morgan County Confederate Monument, Hill Park (1909).[82]
  • Marietta: Confederate memorial (1908), Marietta Confederate Cemetery[83]
  • McDonough: Confederate Memorial, courthouse square (1910)[84]
  • Milledgeville: Confederate Memorial Fountain, downtown median, erected by United Daughters of the Confederacy (1912). 20 feet (6.1 m) fall. Originally across from Post Office and Courthouse; later moved to street in front of Georgia Military College. "On the front is 'CSA' and the furled battle flag with a broken shaft. Under the lion's head is a covered bowl. The soldier is standing with a gun. His heroism in the presence of the conquering foe was equaled only by his generosity to his fallen enemy. Reading around the monument, starting in the back it reads: '1861'; To the memory of the Confederate soldier who's [sic] game is as imperishable as the everlasting hills, who's [sic] courage is as unrivaled. Sing the dawn of civilization who's [sic] name shines in undying glory to the pages of history this monument is lovingly erected by the Robert E. Lee Chapter Daughters of the Confederacy of Milledgeville, Georgia. Unconquerable patriotism and – self-sacrifice rendered, adopted the effort of his enemies. After his flag had folded forever, to destroy his proud inheritance."[85]
  • Bibb County Courthouse and Confederate Monument in Macon, GA c.1870s
    Montezuma: Macon County Confederate Monument (1911).[86] "The first Macon County monument is currently located in Fannie Carmichael Park and faces east. It is a soldier with both hands on his grounded rifle. There are lion heads on each side. It was erected by the Phil Cook Chapter of the UDC in January 1911. The monument was moved in 1965 from the middle of Dooly Street in the middle of Montezuma."[19]
  • Monticello: Jasper County Confederate Monument, City Square (1910).[87] "To the Confederate soldiers of Jasper County, the record of whose sublime self sacrifice and undying devotion to duty, in the service of their country is the proud heritage of a local posterity."[88]
  • Newnan: Stone monument to William Thomas Overby, called "Nathan Hale" of the Confederacy (1956). Erected 1956 by Alfred Colquitt and Newnan Chapters UDC. "[89]
  • Resaca Confederate Cemetery
  • Richmond Hill: Equestrian statue of Gen. Robert E. Lee, located in J. F. Gregory City Park.
  • Ringgold:
  • Sandersville: "There is a large wooden cross on a three stepped stone base dedicated by the Ladies Memorial Association in the cemetery. It was intended to serve as a tribute to Confederate war dead until a marble memorial could be erected. Now, a marble obelisk dates from 1897 (the year the local UDC chapter came about) in the Sandersville cemetery."[19]
Francis S. Bartow in Savannah, Georgia
  • Savannah:
  • Springfield: Confederate Memorial, across from Effington County Courthouse (1923).[95]
  • Talbotton: Confederate memorial
  • Tennille: "A Confederate monument was dedicated in April 1917 by the J.D. Franklin Chapter of the UDC. It originally stood in a park called the square in the middle of the town and was originally a fountain with bowls on four sides of an eight-foot shaft. The Confederate battle flag is incised on the shaft. It is currently located at the police station."
  • Thomson: Monument to the Women of the Sixties, McDuffie County Chamber of Commerce (1911).[96]
  • Tifton: Tift County Confederate Memorial, Fulwood Park (1910), rededicated 1992.[97]
  • Trenton: Confederate Memorial in Veterans Park next to the town square.
  • Union Point:
    • Confederate Reunion Memorial, along city sidewalk (1874).[98]
    • Confederate Wayside Home Monument, wide median (1936).[99]
  • Waycross: Ware County Confederate, Phoenix Park (1910).[100]
  • Waynesboro: Confederate Memorial Cemetery, burial site of 49 Confederate soldiers[101]
  • Waynesville: Confederate Soldiers Park[102]

Private monuments

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Inhabited places

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Parks

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Public works

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Roads

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Jefferson Davis Highway marker in Irwin County

Schools

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City symbols

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Photos

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See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ "In an effort to assist the efforts of local communities to re-examine these symbols, the SPLC launched a study to catalog them. For the final tally, the researchers excluded nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[1]
  2. ^ Fitzgerald was formed in 1895 for veterans of the war, from the North and the South. Streets running north–south on the west side of the city were named after Confederate ships and generals, whereas the ones on the east side were named after Union ships and generals. See Fitzgerald, Georgia#History.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Gunter, Booth; Kizzire, Jamie (April 21, 2016). Gunter, Booth (ed.). "Whose heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy" (PDF). Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  2. ^ Jim Galloway, Political Insider blog (August 17, 2017). "The Georgia law that protects Stone Mountain, other Confederate monuments". ajc.
  3. ^ "Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy". Southern Poverty Law Center. February 1, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Corson, Pete. "Photos: Confederate memorials in metro Atlanta". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  5. ^ Joyner, Chris (September 5, 2015). "Georgia Capitol heavy with Confederate symbols". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  6. ^ "Fulton County Historical Markers. To the Memory of William Ambrose Wright". GeorgiaInfo, an online Georgia almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
  7. ^ Jackson, Edwin L. "State Flags of Georgia". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved May 15, 2008.
  8. ^ Government of Georgia. "State Holidays". Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  9. ^ Suggs, Ernie (January 15, 2017). "Birth of an idea: Where the King monument on Stone Mountain came from". Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  10. ^ McKinney, Debra (Spring 2018). "Stone Mountain. A Monumental Dilemma". Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report. No. 164. pp. 18–22.
  11. ^ Petrella, Christopher (March 30, 2016). "On Stone Mountain". Boston Review.
  12. ^ a b c d e Shah, Khushbu (August 3, 2019). "Atlanta's confederate monuments: how do 'context markers' help explain racism?". The Guardian.
  13. ^ Davis, Mark (July 2, 2015). "Flag causes flap at Stone Mountain". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  14. ^ a b Scott, Eli (December 22, 2015). "Stars and Barred: The Sanitization of Confederate History on College Campuses Overlooks UGA |". Georgia Political Review. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  15. ^ "Visit Early". City of Blakely.
  16. ^ "Confederate Flag Whips Up Debate in Grady County". WTXL. July 9, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
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  20. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Lumpkin Commercial Historic District". National Park Service. 1982. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
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  23. ^ "Confederate Hospitals". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
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  30. ^ "Confederate monuments embattled". Valdosta Daily Times. August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
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  33. ^ "Washington, Georgia Historic Sites & Points of Interest". Explore Southern History.
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  35. ^ "Jefferson Davis Highway Marker-Wrightsville, Georgia". Waymarking.
  36. ^ Domby, Adam (2017). "Captives of Memory. The Contested Legacy of Race at Andersonville National Historic Site". Civil War History. 63 (3): 253–294. doi:10.1353/cwh.2017.0037.
  37. ^ "The Wirz Monument – Andersonville National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov.
  38. ^ E. Merton Coulter (September 1956). "The Confederate Monument In Athens, Georgia". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 40 3 (3): 230–247. JSTOR 40577689.
  39. ^ Corson, Pete. "Photos: Confederate memorials in metro Atlanta". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  40. ^ a b c Halicks, Richard. "Lion of the Confederacy". Atlanta Journal-Republican". Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  41. ^ "The Removal of the Lion of Atlanta from Oakland Cemetery". Oakland Cemetery. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  42. ^ Boone, Christian; Joyner, Chris; Sharpe, Joshua (August 14, 2017). "Atlanta protesters deface Peace Monument in Piedmont Park". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on May 28, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  43. ^ a b c Bentley, Rosalind (July 19, 2018). "What became of the report on Atlanta's Confederate symbols? Very little". Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  44. ^ "Peace-Monument-panels.pdf" (PDF). Atlanta History Center. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  45. ^ "Lanier Monument Restoration". Atlanta Preservation Center. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  46. ^ Noble, Don (May 5, 2014). "Brother Sid: A Novel of Sidney Lanier". Alabama Public Radio. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  47. ^ Andrews, Evelyn (June 28, 2017). "Historic streetlamp moving from Underground to Buckhead". Reporter Newspapers.
  48. ^ Development, Georgia Department of Economic (August 15, 2017). "Confederate Monument – Augusta".
  49. ^ Lee, Joseph M. (September 20, 1997). Augusta: A Postcard History. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780752409429 – via Google Books.
  50. ^ "Glynn County Confederate Monument, Brunswick, GA". Waymarking.
  51. ^ "The Tide: Brunswick's Confederate monument finally comes down". The Current. May 17, 2022.
  52. ^ "Photograph of statue of a Confederate soldier, Gordon County, Georgia (1930)". Umbra Search African American History. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  53. ^ "Confederate Memorial Arch – Canton, Ga". Waymarking. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  54. ^ "Confederate Monument, Cochran, Bleckley County, GA". Smithsonian Institution.
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  57. ^ "Tyler Home – Ladies Aid Society – Columbus, Ga". Waymarking. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  58. ^ "Crisp County Confederate Monument". Smithsonian Institution.
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  61. ^ Hoole McArthur, Elizabeth (October 14, 2012). "Civil War Anniversary: A Tribute to Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, Part 2". Daily Citizen-News.
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  63. ^ "Decatur's Confederate monument defaced again". Decaturish – Locally sourced news. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
  64. ^ Bliss, Jessica; Meyer, Holly (August 17, 2017). "In the South, Confederate monuments often protected, hard to remove thanks to state laws". The Tennessean. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  65. ^ Mitchell, Tia (April 26, 2018). "Still no takers, but DeKalb says Confederate monument will move". Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  66. ^ Estep, Tyler; Coyne, Amanda C. (June 19, 2020). "LOCAL UPDATE: The Confederate monument in Decatur comes down". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Enterprises. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  67. ^ Taylor, George (May 5, 2012). "Eatonton Confederate Monument, Eatonton, GA". George Lansing Taylor Collection Main Gallery.
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  69. ^ jzfineberg. "Elberton Granite Museum". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  70. ^ "Elbert County Confederate Memorial – Elberton, GA". Waymarking.
  71. ^ "Heard County Confederate Monument". Waymarking.
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  73. ^ "Griffin: Historic Cemeteries" (PDF). City of Griffin. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  74. ^ "Confederate monument in Jefferson, Georgia". Library of Congress. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  75. ^ "Twiggs County Confederate Monument – Jeffersonville, Georgia". Waymarking.
  76. ^ "First Confederate Hospital of the Civil War – Kingston, GA". Waymarking.
  77. ^ "Walker County Confederate Monument – LaFayette, GA". Waymarking.
  78. ^ "Walker County Confederate Monument". Smithsonian American Art Museum: Art Inventories Catalog.
  79. ^ "Confederate Monument-LaGrange, Georgia". Waymarking.
  80. ^ "Historical Information". Lincoln County Government.
  81. ^ "Confederate Memorial for Men of Bibb Co". Ovations 365. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014.
  82. ^ "Morgan County Confederate Monument – Madison, GA". Waymarking.
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  89. ^ "William Thomas Overby". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
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  92. ^ a b "Gettysburg at Savannah Part 2". Gettysburg Daily. May 4, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
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  94. ^ "Gettysburg at Savannah Part 3". Gettysburg Daily. May 10, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  95. ^ "Confederate Memorial". The Historical Marker Database.
  96. ^ "Monument to the Women of the Sixties (1913), Thomson". Vanishing North Georgia.
  97. ^ "Tift County Confederate Memorial". Smithsonian Learning Lab.
  98. ^ "First Regimental Reunion of Confederate Veterans – Union Point, GA". Waymarking.
  99. ^ "Statues, Monuments, and Historical Plaques". Georgia Info.
  100. ^ "Ware County Confederate Monument – Phoenix Park – Waycross, GA". Waymarking.
  101. ^ "Waynesboro, GA - Official Website - Confederate Memorial Cemetery". www.waynesboroga.com.
  102. ^ "Confederate Soldiers Park, Waynesville, Georgia site photos". www.civilwaralbum.com.
  103. ^ Confederate Monument, St. James United Methodist Church
  104. ^ a b "America's Known Soldier". Georgia's Rome Office of Tourism. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  105. ^ "Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson". Civil War Battle Field Monuments. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  106. ^ a b c d "Is your Atlanta street named for a Confederate leader? Here's the list". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. November 21, 2017.
  107. ^ a b Bentley, Rosalind (October 3, 2018). "Atlanta mayor signs bill changing Confederate street names". Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  108. ^ Andone, Dakin (January 20, 2019). "These Atlanta neighbors no longer wanted to live on Confederate Avenue. Here's what they did about it". CNN. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  109. ^ Tybe BB
  110. ^ Lanier Elementary School website[permanent dead link]
  111. ^ McDaniel, Rachel (2011). Pike County. Arcadia. p. 59. ISBN 9780738582474.
  112. ^ Magee, David (2007). The South is Round. Jefferson Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0977808625.