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Hemicyoninae

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Hemicyoninae
Temporal range: Early Oligocene to Late Miocene
33.9–5.3 Ma
Hemicyon sansaniensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Subfamily: Hemicyoninae
Frick, 1926
Tribes and genera

Hemicyoninae is an extinct subfamily of Ursidae,[2][1] often called dog bears (literally "half dog" (Greek: ἡμικυων hemi-kyōn)). They were bear-like carnivorans living in Europe, North America, Africa and Asia during the Oligocene through Miocene epochs 33.9–5.3 Ma, existing for approximately 28.6 million years. They are sometimes classified as a separate family.[3]

Systematics

[edit]

The hemicyonines consists of three tribes: the Cephalogalini, Phoberocyonini, and Hemicyonini. In the past the hemicyonines were evaluated into family level (Hemicyonidae).[3] However the vast majority of papers and researchers that cover the evolution of bears often classified them as an extinct subfamily of ursids or stem-bears.[4][5] The genus Agriotherium was once classified as a hemicyonine[3] but recent work has shown the genus is a crown-ursid.[6]

  • Subfamily †Hemicyoninae Frick, 1926
    • Tribe †Cephalogalini de Bonis, 2013
      • Adelpharctos de Bonis, 1971
        • Adelpharctos ginsburgi de Bonis, 2011
        • Adelpharctos mirus de Bonis, 1971
      • Cyonarctos de Bonis, 2013
        • Cyonarctos dessei de Bonis, 2013
      • Phoberogale Ginsburg & Morales, 1995
        • Phoberogale minor (Filhol, 1877)
        • Phoberogale bonali (Helbing, 1928)
        • Phoberogale depereti (Viret, 1929)
        • Phoberogale gracile (Pomel, 1847)
      • Filholictis de Bonis, 2013
        • Filholictis filholi (Munier-Chalmas, 1877)
      • Cephalogale Jourdan, 1862
        • Cephalogale shareri Wang, et al., 2009
        • Cephalogale gergoviensis Viret, 1929
        • Cephalogale ginesticus Kuss, 1962
        • Cephalogale geoffroyi Jourdan, 1862
    • Tribe †Phoberocyonini Ginsburg & Morales, 1995
      • Plithocyon Ginsburg, 1955
        • Plithocyon armagnacensis Ginsburg, 1955
        • Plithocyon statzlingii (Frick, 1926)
        • Plithocyon bruneti Ginsburg, 1980
        • Plithocyon barstowensis (Frick, 1926)
        • Plithocyon ursinus (Cope, 1875)
      • Phoberocyon Ginsburg, 1955
        • Phoberocyon hispanicus Ginsburg & Morales, 1998
        • Phoberocyon dehmi Ginsburg, 1955
        • Phoberocyon huerzeleri Ginsburg, 1955
        • Phoberocyon aurelianensis (Mayet, 1908)
        • Phoberocyon youngi Xiang et al., 1986
        • Phoberocyon johnhenryi (White, 1947)
    • Tribe †Hemicyonini Frick, 1926
      • Zaragocyon Ginsburg & Morales, 1995
        • Zaragocyon daamsi Ginsburg & Morales, 1995
      • Dinocyon Jourdan, 1861
        • Dinocyon aurelianensis Frick, 1926
        • Dinocyon sansaniensis Frick, 1926
        • Dinocyon thenardi Jourdan, 1861
      • Hemicyon Lartet, 1851
        • Hemicyon barbouri Colbert, 1941
        • Hemicyon teilhardi Colbert, 1939
        • Hemicyon grivensis Frick, 1926
        • Hemicyon minor Dépéret, 1887
        • Hemicyon sansaniensis Lartet, 1851

References

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  1. ^ a b L. de Bonis (2011). "A new species of Adelpharctos (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae) from the late Oligocene of the "Phosphorites du Quercy" (France)". Estudios Geológicos. 67 (2): 179–186. doi:10.3989/egeol.40553.181.
  2. ^ a b c d e Louis De Bonis (2013). "Ursidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Late Oligocene of the "Phosphorites du Quercy" (France) and a reappraisal of the genus Cephalogale Geoffroy, 1862". Geodiversitas. 35 (4): 787–814. doi:10.5252/g2013n4a4. S2CID 131561629.
  3. ^ a b c McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S. (1997). Classification of nammals above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231528535.
  4. ^ Hunt, R. M. (1998). "Ursidae". In Jacobs, Louis; Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen L. (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1, Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 174–195. ISBN 0-521-35519-2.
  5. ^ Jiangzuo, Qigao; Flynn, John J. (2020-06-26). "The Earliest Ursine Bear Demonstrates the Origin of Plant-Dominated Omnivory in Carnivora". iScience. 23 (6): 101235. Bibcode:2020iSci...23j1235J. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101235. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 7303987. PMID 32559731.
  6. ^ Jiangzuo, Q.; Flynn, J. J.; Wang, S.; Hou, S.; Deng, T. (2023). "New fossil giant panda relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): a basal lineage of gigantic Mio-Pliocene cursorial carnivores". American Museum Novitates (3996): 1–71. doi:10.1206/3996.1. hdl:2246/7315. S2CID 257508340.