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Allenby Formation

Coordinates: 49°22.6′N 120°32.8′W / 49.3767°N 120.5467°W / 49.3767; -120.5467
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Allenby Formation
Stratigraphic range: Ypresian
52.5–48 Ma
Alternating Princeton Chert and coal sequences
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofPrinceton Group, Eocene Okanagan Highlands
Sub-unitsPrinceton Chert, Vermillion Bluffs Shale
OverliesCedar Formation
Area300 km2 (120 sq mi)[1]
Thickness1,860–2,100 m (6,100–6,890 ft)[1]
Lithology
PrimaryShale, sandstone
OtherCoalbreccia, coal–chert
Location
Coordinates49°22.6′N 120°32.8′W / 49.3767°N 120.5467°W / 49.3767; -120.5467
Approximate paleocoordinates53°06′N 107°30′W / 53.1°N 107.5°W / 53.1; -107.5
RegionBritish Columbia
Country Canada
ExtentPrinceton Basin & Tulameen basin
Type section
Named forAllenby, British Columbia
Named byShaw
Year defined1952
Allenby Formation is located in Canada
Allenby Formation
Allenby Formation (Canada)
Allenby Formation is located in British Columbia
Allenby Formation
Allenby Formation (British Columbia)

The Allenby formation is a sedimentary rock formation in British Columbia which was deposited during the Ypresian stage of the Early Eocene. It consists of conglomerates, sandstones with interbedded shales and coal. The shales contain an abundance of insect, fish and plant fossils known from 1877 and onward, while the Princeton Chert was first indented in the 1950s and is known from anatomically preserved plants.

There are several notable fossil producing localities in the Princeton & Tulameen basins. Historical collection sites included Nine Mile Creek, Vermilian Bluffs, and Whipsaw Creek, while modern sites include One Mile Creek, Pleasant Valley, Thomas Ranch, and the Princeton Chert.

Extent and correlation

[edit]

The Allenby is estimated to have an overall extent of approximately 300 km2 (120 sq mi), though actual outcroppings of the formation make up less than 1% of the formation, while other exploratory contact is via boreholes and mines. The half-graben which contains the formation is separated into two major depositional basins, the Princeton basin around Princeton, British Columbia and the Tulameen basin centered approximately 17 km (11 mi) west. The grabens extensional faults at the eastern side of the basin place the hanging wall Allenby strata in contact with much older foot wall strata of the Nicola Formation which dates to the Upper Triassic.[1][2][3]

The Allenby Formation is the southern-most of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands lakes in British Columbia, and second most southern site after the Klondike Mountain Formation of Republic, Washington and northern Ferry County. In British Columbia, the formation is coeval to the Tranquille Formation, known from the McAbee Fossil Beds and Falkland site, the Coldwater Beds, known from the Quilchena site, and Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park. The highlands, including the Allenby Formation, have been described as one of the "Great Canadian Lagerstätten"[4] based on the diversity, quality and unique nature of the biotas that are preserved. The highlands temperate biome preserved across a large transect of lakes recorded many of the earliest appearances of modern genera, while also documenting the last stands of ancient lines.[4]

The warm temperate uplands floras of the Allenby Formation and the highlands, associated with downfaulted lacustrine basins and active volcanism are noted to have no exact modern equivalents, due to the more seasonally equitable conditions of the Early Eocene. However, the formation has been compared to the upland ecological islands in the Virunga Mountains within the Albertine Rift of the African rift valley.[5]

The earliest work in the region was on exploratory expeditions in 1877 and 1878, with fossils collected in the areas of Nine-Mile Creek, Vermilian Bluffs on the Similkameen River, and Whipsaw Creek. While reporting on additional plant fossils collected from British Columbia, Penhallow (1906) noted the likely coeval status of the Princeton basins with many of the sites now considered the Okanagan Highlands.[6] Modern collecting has centered on the areas around One Mile Creek, Pleasant Valley, and Thomas Ranch.[2]

Age

[edit]

The age estimates for the Allenby Formation have varied a number of times since the first explorations happened in the 1870s. Shaw (1952) dated the formation as Oligocene, an age followed by Arnold (1955).[7][8] Half a decade later, the older age of 48 ± 2 million years old was first suggested, with a younger age being suggested at 46.2 ± 1.9 million years old in 2000 and an older date of 52.08 ± 0.12 million years ago obtained from uranium–lead dating of zircons from Vermilion Bluffs shale in 2005.[1]

Lithology

[edit]

The Allenby is composed of cyclical sedimentation events that were deposited along the course of a river-system in conjunction with depositional areas from nearby lakes and wetlands. Coeval volcanic eruptive events are recorded as interbeds of tephras and lavas, while the riverine course is marked with depositional areas of conglomerates and sandstones. The quieter environments are noted for finer layers of shales and coalified layers.[1]

The coal seams throughout the formation are typically sub-bituminous.[1]

Notable in conjunction with the coal seams are sections of chert which formed during silica rich periods. The rapid cyclical changes from coal to chert and back are not noted in any other fossil locality in the world. An estimated 49 coal-chert cycles are known, though the exact conditions for this process are not well understood. Silica rich volcanic episodes in the region during deposition would have been needed for formation of the cherts, while slowly moving waters and gently subsiding terrains would be needed for the peats and fens to accumulate. Rates of organic deposition in swamps have been estimated at 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) in modern temperate climates, this suggests the time needed for each 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) chert layer would be at least 100 years or more, with the full sequence of cycles taking place over no more than 15,000 years.[1]

Palynoflora

[edit]

Palynological analysis of samples from the Thomas ranch site by Dillhoff et al. (2013) resulted in the identification of 32 pollen and spore types that were assignable to family or genus level, with a total number of distinct pollen and spore types, including unassignable morphotypes, number over 70. The predominant pollens of the site are conifers, which make up between 85%–97% of the total pollens, while the angiosperm pollens are dominated by members of Betulaceae.[2]

Several pteridophyte families and genera are represented as spore fossils alone, without corresponding megafossil records, including Lycopodiaceae, Osmundaceae, and Schizaeaceae. Similarly, at least three additional conifer genera are only present as pollen fossils and up to 12 angiosperms are present in the pollen record. Sometimes considered a Biostratgraphic index fossil, the angiosperm palynospecies Pistillipollenites macgregorii has been recovered from several sites in the Allenby Formation, while the palynospecies Erdtmanipollis pachysandroides is rare, having only been reported from the formation twice.[2]

Family Genus Species Pollen/Macrofossil Notes Images

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A holly palynomorph

Arecaceae

Sabal

Cf.Sabal granopollenites[2]

Pollen

A palm palynomorph

Buxaceae

Erdtmanipollis

Erdtmanipollis pachysandroides[2]

Pollen

A box family palynomorph

Betulaceae

Alnus

Unidentified[2]

Pollen & macrofossils

An alder palynomorph

Betulaceae

Betula

Unidentified[2]

Pollen & macrofossils

A birch palynomorph

Betulaceae

Carpinus

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A hornbeam palynomorph

Betulaceae

Corylus

unidentified[2]

Pollen

A hazelnut palynomorph

Cupressaceae

Cunninghamia

unidentified[2]

Pollen

A Cunninghamia like palynomorph

Cupressaceae

Sequoiapollenites

Unidentified[2]

Pollen & macrofossils

A redwood palynomorph

Cupressaceae

Taxodiaceaepollenites

Unidentified[2]

Pollen & macrofossils

A Taxodioideae subfamily palynomorph

Elaeagnaceae

Cf. Elaeagnus

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

An elaeagnaceous palynomorph, similar to oleaster

Ericaceae

unidentified

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

An ericaceous palynomorph of uncertain affinity

Fagaceae

Castanea

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A chestnut palynomorph

Fagaceae

Eotrigonobalanus

Unidentified[9]

Pollen

A fagaceous palynomorph

Fagaceae

Fagus

"Fagus Pollen type 3"[9]

Pollen

A beech palynomorph

Fagaceae

Fagus

"Fagus Pollen type 2"[9]

Pollen

A beech palynomorph

Fagaceae

Paraquercus

Paraquercus eocaena[9]

Pollen

A fagaceous palynomorph

Fagaceae

Quercus

"Quercus Pollen type 1"[9]

Pollen

An oak palynomorph, similar to Quercus Group Lobatae pollen

Fagaceae

Quercus

"Quercus Pollen type 2"[9]

Pollen

An oak palynomorph, ancestral type with Quercus Group Ilex morphology

Fagaceae

Trigonobalanopsis

Unidentified[9]

Pollen

A fagaceous palynomorph

Fagaceae

Unidentified

Unidentified[9]

Pollen

A Fagoideceous palynomorph

Fagaceae

Cf. Quercus

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A fagaceous palynomorph, similar to oak

Ginkgoaceae

Cycadopites

Cycadopites follicularis[2]

Pollen & macrofossils

A Gingko palynomorph

Hamamelidaceae

Liquidambar

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A sweet gum palynomorph

Juglandaceae

Carya

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A hickory palynomorph

Juglandaceae

Pterocarya

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A hickory palynomorph

Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodium

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A lycopod palynomorph

Malvaceae

Tilia

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A linden palynomorph

Osmundaceae

Osmundasporites

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

An osmundaceous fern palynomorph

Pinaceae

Abies

Unidentified[2]

Pollen & macrofossils

A fir palynomorph

Pinaceae

Alisporites

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A pine family palynomorph

Pinaceae

Picea

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A Picea palynomorph

Pinaceae

Pinus

Unidentified[2]

Pollen & macrofossils

A Pinus palynomorph

Pinaceae

Pityosporites

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A pine family palynomorph

Pinaceae

Pseudolarix

Unidentified[2]

Pollen & macrofossils

A Pseudolarix palynomorph

Pinaceae

Tsuga

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A Tsuga palynomorph

Pinaceae

Cf. Larix

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A Laricoidae palynomorph, similar to larch

Pinaceae

Cf. Pseudotsuga

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A Laricoidae palynomorph, similar to pseudotsuga

Platanaceae

Platanus

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A Platanus palynomorph

Potamogetonaceae

Potamogeton

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A Potamogeton palynomorph

Rosaceae

Unidentified

Unidentified[2]

Pollen & macrofossils

Rose famnily palynomorphs

Salicaceae

Salix

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A willow palynomorph

Salviniaceae

Azolla

Unidentified[2]

Pollen & macrofossils

A duck weed palynomorph

Sapindaceae

Acer

Unidentified[2]

Pollen & macrofossils

A maple palynomorph

Sapindaceae

Aesculus

Unidentified[2]

Pollen & macrofossils

A horse chestnut palynomorph

Sapotaceae

Unidentified

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A sapotaceous palynomorph

Taxaceae

Taxus

Unidentified[2]

Pollen

A yew palynomorph

Ulmaceae

Ulmus

Unidentified[2]

Pollen & macrofossils

An elm palynomorph

incertae sedis

Pistillipollenites

Pistillipollenites macgregorii[2]

Pollen

A palynomorph of uncertain affinity, possibly a Gentianaceae or Euphorbiaceae species

Compression paleobiota

[edit]

A group of six mosses were described from the Allenby Formation by Kuc (1972, 1974) representing the genera Ditrichites, Hypnites and Plagiopodopsis, with two species placed in the morphogenus Muscites.[10][11] Dillhoff et al. (2013) identified twelve distinct gymnosperm taxa spanning the families Cupressaceae, Ginkgoaceae, and Pinaceae. While being the minority component of the Thomas Ranch flora by total fossil numbers, angiosperms have a higher diversity, with 45 distinct morphotypes represented as foliage, reproductive structures, or both. Seventeen of the morphotypes are identifiable to genus or species, with members of the family Betulaceae being most prominent. At least common one leaf type is suggested to possibly represent an extinct plant order, but has not been described.[2] Only two pteridophyte species have been described from the compression flora, Azolla primaeva by Penhallow (1890) and Equisetum similkamense by Dawson (1878).[12][8]

The following fossil conifers, pteridophytes, ginkgophytes and bryophytes have been described from the Allenby Formation:

Bryophytes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Amblystegiaceae

Hypnites

Hypnites jovet-astiae[11][13]

(Kuc) Miller

An amblystegiaceous moss
First described as Palaeohypnum jovet-asti, moved to Hypnites jovet-astiae in 1980

Amblystegiaceae

Hypnites

Hypnites steerei[11][13]

(Kuc) Miller

An amblystegiaceous moss
First described as Palaeohypnum steerei, moved to Hypnites steerei in 1980

Bartramiaceae

Plagiopodopsis

Plagiopodopsis eocenicus[10][13]

(Kuc) Miller

A bartramiaceous moss
First described as Muscites eocenicus, moved to Plagiopodopsis eocenicus in 1980

?Ditrichaceae

Ditrichites

Ditrichites fylesi[11]

Kuc

A Ditrichaceous moss

incertae sedis

Muscites

Muscites maycocki[11]

Kuc

A moss of uncertain placement

incertae sedis

Muscites

Muscites ritchiei[11]

Kuc

A moss of uncertain placement

Pteridophytes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Equisetaceae

Equisetum

Equisetum similkamense[12]

Dawson

A scouring rush

Salviniaceae

Azolla

Azolla primaeva[8]

(Penhallow) Arnold

A mosquito fern
First described as Azollophyllum primaevum

Gingkophytes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Ginkgoaceae

Ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba[14][2]

Linnaeus

A ginkgo

Ginkgoaceae

Ginkgo

Ginkgo dissecta[14][2]

Mustoe, 2002

A ginkgo with highly dissected leaves

Pinophytes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Cupressaceae

Chamaecyparis

Chamaecyparis linguaefolia[15]

(Lesquereux) MacGinitie

A false cypress

Cupressaceae

Metasequoia

Metasequoia occidentalis[16][2]

(Newberry) Chaney

A dawn redwood

First identified as "Sequoia" brevifolia, "S." heeri. "S." langsdorfii (in part), "S." nordenskiöldi, & Taxodium distichum miocenum (in part)

Cupressaceae

Sequoia

Sequoia affinis[15]

Lesquereux

A redwood

Sequoia affinis

Cupressaceae

Taxodium

Taxodium dubium[16]

(Sternberg) Heer

A bald cypress

First identified as "Sequoia" angustifolia,
"S." langsdorfii (in part), & Taxodium distichum miocenum (in part)

Pinaceae

Abies

Abies milleri[2]

Shorn & Wehr, 1986

Oldest true fir described

Abies milleri

Pinaceae

Picea

Undescribed[15]

Miller

A spruce
Not described to species

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus latahensis[15]

Berry

A 5-needle pine

Pinus latahensis

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus monticolensis[15]

Berry

A pinaceous winged seed

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus trunculus[15]

Dawson, 1890

A 3-needle pine

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus tulameenensis[15]

Penhallow

A 5-needle pine

Pinaceae

Pseudolarix

Pseudolarix amabilis[17]

(J.Nelson) Rehder

A golden larch

Originally identified as Pseudolarix americana,[15] then as Pseudolarix arnoldii[18]

Pinaceae

Pseudolarix

Pseudolarix wehrii[17]

Gooch

A golden larch

Pseudolarix wehrii

Angiosperms

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Anacardiaceae

Rhus

Rhus malloryi[19]

Wolfe & Wehr

A sumac

Rhus malloryi

Amaryllidaceae

Paleoallium

Paleoallium billgenseli[20]

Pigg, Bryan, & DeVore

An onion relative

Paleoallium billgenseli

Araceae

Orontium

Orontium wolfei[21]

Bogner, Johnson, Kvaček & Upchurch

A golden-club

Orontium wolfei

Betulaceae

Alnus

Alnus parvifolia[19][2]

(Berry) Wolfe & Wehr

An Alder

Alnus parvifolia

Betulaceae

Betula

Betula leopoldae[19][2]

Wolfe & Wehr

A birch

Betula leopoldae

Betulaceae

Palaeocarpinus

Palaeocarpinus stonebergae[22]

Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr

A coryloid genus

Cercidiphyllaceae

Cercidiphyllum

Cercidiphyllum obtritum[19]

(Dawson) Wolfe & Wehr

A katsura

Cercidiphyllum obtritum

Fagaceae

Fagopsis

Fagopsis undulata[19]

(Knowlton) Wolfe & Wehr

A beech

Fagopsis undulata

Fagaceae

Fagus

Undescribed[2]

A beech species
Not described to species

Grossulariaceae

Ribes

Undescribed[2]

A gooseberry species
Not described

Hamamelidaceae

Fothergilla

Fothergilla malloryi[2]

Radtke, Pigg & Wehr

A winter-hazel species

Fothergilla malloryi

Juglandaceae

Pterocarya

Undescribed[23]

A wingnut
Not described to species

Lauraceae

Lindera

Undescribed[23]

A laural species
Not described to species

Lauraceae

Sassafras

Sassafras hesperia[19][2]

Berry

A laural species

Sassafras hesperia

Malvaceae

Florissantia

Undescribed[24]

An extinct sterculioid flower
Not described to species

Myricaceae

Comptonia

Comptonia columbiana[12][2]

Dawson

A sweet fern

Comptonia columbiana

Nyssaceae

Tsukada

Tsukada davidiifolia[19][2]

Wolfe & Wehr

A dove-tree relative

Tsukada davidiifolia

Platanaceae

Macginicarpa

Undescribed[2]

Manchester

A sycamore morphospecies

Platanaceae

Macginitiea

Macginitiea gracilis[19]

(Lesquereux) Wolfe & Wehr

A sycamore

Macginitiea gracilis

Rosaceae

Amelanchier

Unidentified[25]

A service berry
Not described

Rosaceae

Neviusia

Neviusia dunthornei[26]

DeVore, Moore, Pigg, & Wehr

A snow wreath

Rosaceae

Stonebergia

Stonebergia columbiana[27]

Wolfe & Wehr

A Sorbarieae genus

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer princetonense[28]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer rousei[28]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer stockeyae[28]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer stewarti[28]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer stonebergae[28]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer toradense[28]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Acer

Acer wehri[28]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Sapindaceae

Dipteronia

Dipteronia brownii[2]

McClain and Manchester

A Dipteronia species

Dipteronia brownii

Trochodendraceae

Tetracentron

Tetracentron hopkinsii[29]

Pigg et al.

A Tetracentron relative

Tetracentron hopkinsii

Trochodendraceae

Zizyphoides

Undescribed[2]

A trochodendraceous species
Not described

Ulmus

Ulmus

Ulmus okanaganensis[30]

Denk & Dillhoff

An elm

Ulmus okanaganensis

Urticaceae

Cf. Urticeae

Undescribed[5]

A nettle not described to genus
First identified as Rubus[2]

Incertae sedis

Chaneya

Chaneya tenuis[31]

(Lesquereux) Wang & Manchester

A sapindalean flower of uncertain affiliations

Chaneya tenuis

Mollusks

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Hydrobiidae

Micropyrgus

Micropyrgus camselli[32]

L.S. Russell, 1957

A hydrobiid mud snail

Lymnaeidae

Stagnicola

Stagnicola tulameenensis[32]

L.S. Russell, 1957

A lymnaeine pond snail

Physidae

Aplexa

Aplexa ricei[32]

L.S. Russell, 1957

An aplexine bladder snail

Physidae

Physa

Physa saxarubrensis[32]

L.S. Russell, 1957

A physine bladder snail

Planorbidae

Ferrissia

Ferrissia arionoides[32]

L.S. Russell, 1957

An ancylinine ramshorn snail

Planorbidae

Gyraulus?

Indeterminate[32]

L.S. Russell, 1957

A possible planorbinine ramshorn snail
Not described to species

Sphaeriidae

Sphaerium?

Indeterminate[32]

L.S. Russell, 1957

A possible sphaeriine fingernail clam
Not described to species

Insects

[edit]

Coleopterans

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Cantharidae

Unidentified

Unidentified[33]

A soldier beetle
not identified to genus or species

Carabidae?

Unidentified

Unidentified[33]

A caraboid superfamily beetle
Displays traits similar to both Cicindelidae and Carabidae
not identified to genus or species

Chrysomelidae

Cryptocephalites

Cryptocephalites punctatus[34]

Scudder, 1895

A leaf beetle

Cryptocephalites punctatus
(1895 illustration)

Chrysomelidae

Galerucella

Galerucella picea[35]

Scudder, 1879

A leaf beetle

Galerucella picea
(1890 illustration)

Elateridae

Cryptohypnus?

Cryptohypnus? terrestris[35]

Scudder, 1879

A click beetle

Cryptohypnus? terrestris
(1890 illustration)

Elateridae

Elaterites

Undescribed[34]

Scudder, 1895

A click beetle
Not described to species

Elateridae sp. indet
(1890 illustration)

Elateridae

Limonius

Limonius impunctus[34]

Scudder, 1895

A wireworm click beetle

Limonius impunctus (1895 illustration)

Tenebrionidae

Tenebrio

Tenebrio primigenius[35]

Scudder, 1879

A darkling beetle

Tenebrio primigenius
(1890 illustration)

Trogidae

Trox

Trox oustaleti[35]

Scudder, 1879

A hide beetle

Trox oustaleti
(1890 illustration)

Dipterans

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Bibionidae

Penthetria

Penthetria? fryi[36]

Rice, 1959

A marchfly

Penthetria (?) fryi

Bibionidae

Penthetria

Penthetria whipsawensis[36]

Rice, 1959

A marchfly

Penthetria whipsawensis

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia avus[36]

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria avus (1910),[37]
moved to Plecia avus (1959)[36]

Plecia avus

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia canadensis[36]

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria canadensis (1910),[37]
moved to Plecia canadensis (1959)[36]

Plecia canadensis

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia curtula[36]

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria curtula (1910),[37]
moved to Plecia curtula (1959)[36]
Senior synonym of Penthetria avunculus (1959)

Plecia curtula

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia dilatata[36]

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria dilatata (1910),[37]
moved to Plecia dilatata (1959)[36]

Plecia dilatata

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia elatior[36]

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria elatior (1910),[37]
moved to Plecia elatior (1959)[36]

Plecia elatior

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia minutula[36]

Rice, 1959

A marchfly

Plecia minutula

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia nana[36]

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria nana (1910),[37] moved to Plecia nana (1959)[36]

Plecia nana

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia pictipennis[36]

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria pictipennis (1910),[37]
moved to Plecia pictipennis (1959)[36]

Penthetria lambei (1910), Penthetria ovalis (1910), & Penthetria separanda (1910) considered junior synonyms (1959)

Plecia pictipennis

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia pulchra[36]

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria pulchra (1910),[37]
moved to Plecia pulchra (1959)[36]

Plecia pulchra

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia pulla[36]

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria pulla (1910),[37]
moved to Plecia pulla (1959)[36]
Penthetria brevipes (1910) considered a junior synonym (1959)

Plecia pulla

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia reducta[36]

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria reducta (1910),[37]
moved to Plecia reducta (1959)[36]

Plecia reducta

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia similkameena[35]

(Scudder, 1879)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria similkameena (1879),[35]
moved to Plecia similkameena (1959)[36]

Plecia similkameena

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia transitoria[36]

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A marchfly
First described as Penthetria transitoria (1910),[37]
moved to Plecia transitoria (1959)[36]
Penthetria falcatula (1910) & Penthetria fragmentum (1910) considered junior synonyms (1959)

Plecia transitoria

Bibionidae

Plecia

Plecia tulameenensis[36]

Rice, 1959

A marchfly

Plecia tulameenensis

Dolichopodidae

Microphor

Microphor defunctus[38]

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A long-legged fly
First described as Microphorus defunctus (1910),[37]
moved to Microphor defunctus (1994)[38]

Microphor defunctus
(1910 illustration)

Ptychopteridae

Etoptychoptera

Etoptychoptera tertiaria[39]

Handlirsh, 1909

A phantom cranefly

Etoptychoptera tertiaria
(1910 illustration)

Tipulidae

Tipula

Tipula tulameena[37]

(Handlirsh, 1910)

A cranefly

Tipula tulameena

Hemipterans

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Aphrophoridae

Aphrophora

Aphrophora angusta[37]

Handlirsch, 1910

A spittlebug

Aphrophora angusta
(1910 illustration)

Aphrophoridae

Palaeoptysma

Palaeoptysma venosa[40]

Scudder, 1895

A spittlebug

Palaeoptysma venosa
(1895 illustration)

Aphrophoridae

Palaphrodes

Undescribed[40]

Scudder, 1895

A spittlebug
Not described to species

Aphrophoridae

Ptysmaphora

Ptysmaphora fletcheri[40]

Scudder, 1895

A spittlebug

Ptysmaphora fletcheri
(1895 illustration)

Cercopidae

Cercopis

Cercopis grandescens[40]

Scudder, 1895

A froghopper

Cercopis grandescens
(1895 illustration)

Cercopidae

Cercopis

Cercopis selwyni[35]

Scudder, 1879

A froghopper

Cercopis selwyni
(1890 illustration)

Cercopidae

Cercopites

Cercopites torpescens[40]

Scudder, 1895

A froghopper

Cercopites torpescens
(1895 illustration)

Cercopidae

Dawsonites

Dawsonites veter[40]

Scudder, 1895

A froghopper

Dawsonites veter
(1895 illustration)

Cercopidae

Palecphora

Undescribed[40]

Scudder, 1895

A froghopper
Not described to species

Cercopidae

Stenecphora

Stenecphora punctulata[40]

Scudder, 1895

A froghopper

Stenecphora punctulata
(1895 illustration)

Cercopidae

Stenolocris

Stenolocris venosa[40]

Scudder, 1895

A froghopper

Stenolocris venosa
(1895 illustration)

Cicadellidae

Coelidia

Coelidia columbiana[35]

Scudder, 1879

A leafhopper

Coelidia columbiana
(1890 illustration)

Fulgoridae

Enchophora

Undescribed[40]

Scudder, 1895

A fulgorid plant hopper
Not described to species

Gerridae

Telmatrechus

Telmatrechus stali[35]

(Scudder, 1879)

A gerrine water strider
First described as Hygrotrechus stali (1879),

moved to Telmatrechus stali (1895)[40]

Telmatrechus stali
(1890 illustration)

incertae sedis

Planophlebia

Planophlebia gigantea[35]

Scudder, 1879

A hemipteran of uncertain placement

Planophlebia gigantea
(1890 illustration)

Hymenopterans

[edit]

Archibald, Mathewes, & Aase (2023) reported a Titanomyrma species ant queen from the Vermillion Bluffs site, and noted the range extension for Formiciinae into the highlands, as the subfamily was previously considered a strictly thermophilic ant group. Due to complications arising from preservational distortion during diagenesis, they were unable to determine the correct size of the queen in life. If the distortion was lateral, then compression to bilateral symmetry yielded an adult length of approximately 3.3 cm (1.3 in), placing it the same range as Formicium berryi and F. brodiei, known only from wings, and sugg4ested as possible males. Conversely stretching the fossil to bilateral symmetry results in a larger 5 cm (2.0 in) length estimate, placing it as comparable to queens of T. lubei and T. simillima.[41]

Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Braconidae

Bracon

Undescribed[35]

A braconid wasp
Not described to species

Bracon sp.
(1890 illustration)

Formicidae

Titanomyrma

Indeterminate[41]

A formiciine titan ant
Unplaced to species.

Titanomyrma sp.

Ichneumonidae

Xorides

Xorides lambei[37]

(Handlirsch, 1910)

A xoridine ichneumon parasitic wasp
First named Xylonomus lambei (1910)[37]

Xorides lambei

Tenthredinidae

Eriocampa

Eriocampa tulameenensis[42]

Rice, 1968

A tenthredinid sawfly

Eriocampa tulameenensis

Mecopterans

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Dinopanorpidae

Dinokanaga

Dinokanaga wilsoni[43]

Archibald, 2005

A dinopanorpid scorpion fly

Eomeropidae

Eomerope

Eomerope simpkinsae[44]

Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2018

An eomeropid scorpionfly

Neuropterans

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Ithonidae

Ricaniella

Ricaniella antiquata[45]

(Scudder, 1895)

A Polystoechotid-group giant lacewing[46]
First described as Ricania antiquata (1895),[40]
moved to Ricaniella antiquata (1897)

Ricaniella antiquata
(1895 illustration)

Odonata

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Aeshnidae

Indeterminate

Indeterminate[47]

A daner dragonfly
Wing too incomplete to determine genus affiliation.

Cf.Dysagrionidae

Allenbya

Allenbya holmesae[47]

Archibald & Cannings, 2022

A possible Dysagrionidae odonate.
Not to be confused with the Princeton Chert waterlily Allenbya

Raphidiopterans

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authority Notes Images

Raphidiidae

Megaraphidia

Megaraphidia hopkinsi[48]

Archibald & Makarkin, 2021

A Raphidiid snakefly

Vertebrates

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authors Notes Images

Amiidae

Cf. Amia

"Amia" hesperia[49]

Wilson, 1982

A bowfin

"Amia" hesperia scale

Aves incertae sedis

Unidentified

Unidentified[50]

Mayr et al., 2019

Indeterminate feathers and a skeleton

Catostomidae

Wilsonium

Wilsonium brevipinne.[51][52][53]

(Cope, 1893)

A catostomid sucker
Originally described as Amyzon brevipinne
Moved to Wilsonium in 2021

Esthonychidae

Trogosus

Trogosus latidens[54][55]

(Marsh, 1874)

A tillodont species

Hiodontidae

Hiodon

Hiodon rosei[51][56]

(Hussakof, 1916)

A mooneye
First described as "Lucious" rosei (1916),
moved to Eohiodon rosei in 1966,
moved to Hiodon rosei in 2008[56]

Libotoniidae

Libotonius

Libotonius blakeburnensis[51]

Wilson, 1977

A percopsiform fish

Salmonidae

Eosalmo

Cf. Eosalmo driftwoodensis[51]

Wilson, 1977

An ancestral salmon

Trionychidae

Cf. Apalone

Undescribed[57]

A soft shelled turtle
Not described to species

Princeton Chert biota

[edit]

The Princeton chert biota is unique in the Allenby formation due to the silicification of the chert, which has resulted in cellular and anatomical preservation of the organisms. As of 2016 over 30 different plant taxa had been described from chert fossils along with a number of fungal species.[58]

Fungi

[edit]
Order Genus Species Authors Notes Images

Ascomycota

Cryptodidymosphaerites

Cryptodidymosphaerites princetonensis[59]

Currah, Stockey, LePage

An ascomycetan fungus on the host palm Uhlia allenbyensis

Ascomycota

Monodictysporites

Monodictysporites princetonensis[60]

Klymiuk

An ascomycotan fungus
hosted on Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata

Ascomycota

Palaeoserenomyces

Palaeoserenomyces allenbyensis[59]

Currah, Stockey, LePage

An ascomycetan fungus on the host palm Uhlia allenbyensis

Ferns

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authors Notes Images

Athyriaceae

Dickwhitea

Dickwhitea allenbyensis[61]

Karafit et al.

An athyriaceous fern

Athyriaceae

Makotopteris

Makotopteris princetonensis[62]

Stockey, Nishida, & Rothwell

An athyriaceous fern

Blechnaceae

Trawetsia

Trawetsia princetonensis[63]

Smith et al.

A blechnacious fern

Dennstaedtiaceae

Dennstaedtiopsis

Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata[64]

Cevallos-Ferriz, Stockey, & Pigg

A dennstaedtioid fern

Osmundaceae

Osmunda

Undescribed[65]

An osmundaceous fern
Not described

Conifers

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authors Notes Images

Cupressaceae

Metasequoia

Metasequoia milleri[66]

Bassinger

A dawn redwood

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus allisonii[67]

Stockey

A 2-needled Pine foliage

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus andersonii[67]

Stockey

A 3-needled Pine foliage

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus arnoldii[68][69]

Miller

A basal Pine
Cones belonging to the 5 needle Pinus similkameenensis foliage

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus princetonensis[67]

Stockey

A pinaceous cone

Pinaceae

Pinus

Pinus similkameenensis[68][69]

Miller

A basal Pine
5-needled foliage belonging to the Pinus arnoldii cones

Angiosperms

[edit]
Family Genus Species Authors Notes Images

Alismataceae

Heleophyton

Heleophyton helobieoides[70]

Erwin & Stockey

An aquatic or emergent water-plantain

Aponogetonaceae

Aponogeton

Aponogeton longispinosum[71]

Grímsson, Zetter, & Halbritter

A Cape-pondweed pollen

Araceae

Keratosperma

Keratosperma allenbyensis[72]

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

An arum family member

Arecaceae

Uhlia

Uhlia allenbyensis[73]

Erwin & Stockey

A Coryphoid palm

Grossulariaceae

Ribes

Undescribed[74]

Cevallos-Ferriz

A current fruit
Not described

Lythraceae

Decodon

Decodon allenbyensis[75]

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A swamp loosestrife

Magnoliaceae

Liriodendroxylon

Liriodendroxylon princetonensis[76]

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A Liriodendron-like wood.

Myrtaceae

Paleomyrtinaea

Paleomyrtinaea princetonensis[77]

Pigg, Stockey & Maxwell

A Myrtaceous fruit

Nymphaeaceae

Allenbya

Allenbya collinsonae[78]

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A water lily relative

Nyssaceae

Diplopanax

Diplopanax eydei[79]

Stockey, LePage, & Pigg

A tuplo relative.

Rosaceae

Paleorosa

Paleorosa similkameenensis[80]

Bassinger

A rose family flower

Rosaceae

Prunus

Prunus allenbyensis[81]

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A prunoid wood.

Rosaceae

Prunus

"Species 1"[81]

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A prunoid seed.
Not described

Rosaceae

Prunus

"Species 2"[81]

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A prunoid seed.
Not described

Rosaceae

Prunus

"Species 3"[81]

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A prunoid seed.
Not described

Sapindaceae

Wehrwolfea

Wehrwolfea striata[82]

Erwin & Stockey

A possible dodonaecous soapberry family flower

Saururaceae

Saururus

Saururus tuckerae[83]

Smith & Stockey

A lizard's-tail species

Vitaceae

Ampelocissus

"Ampelocissus" similkameenensis[84][85]

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement[85]

Vitaceae

incertae sedis

"Type 1"[84]

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement
Not described

Vitaceae

incertae sedis

"Type 2"[84]

Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey

A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement
Not described

Cf. Iridaceae

Pararisteapollis

Pararisteapollis stockeyi[86]

Zetter & Hesse

A possible iridaceous pollen morphotype

Incertae sedis

Eorhiza

Eorhiza arnoldii[87]

Robison & Person

A semi-aquatic dicot of uncertain affinity.

Incertae sedis

Ethela

Ethela sargentiana[88]

Erwin & Stockey

A cyperaceous or juncaceous monocot

Incertae sedis

Princetonia

Princetonia allenbyensis[89][90]

Stockey

A possibly aquatic magnoliopsid flower of uncertain affiliation.

Incertae sedis

Soleredera

Soleredera rhizomorpha[91]

Erwin & Stockey

A lilialean genus of uncertain placement

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj Dillhoff, R.M.; Dillhoff, T.A.; Greenwood, D.R.; DeVore, M.L.; Pigg, K.B. (2013). "The Eocene Thomas Ranch flora, Allenby Formation, Princeton, British Columbia, Canada". Botany. 91 (8): 514–529. doi:10.1139/cjb-2012-0313.
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