60s BC

• October 6 – Roman Republic troops under Lucius Lucullus defeat the army of Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Tigranocerta, and capture Tigranocerta, capital of Armenia.
• Consuls: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and Quintus Hortensius.
• Antiochus XIII Asiaticus is installed as king of Syria.^[1]
• Parthians and Romans re-establish Euphrates as a frontier.
• Gaius Julius Caesar is a quaestor in Spain.

• Ptolemy XII deposes Cleopatra V, and becomes sole ruler.

• Kydonia, an ancient city on the island of Crete falls to Roman military forces.^[2]
• Rhodes becomes a bulwark against pirates, the Rhodians are unable to suppress piracy in the Aegean Sea. Delos gets the status of a free port.

• Consuls: Lucius Caecilius Metellus and Quintus Marcius Rex.
• October 6 – Lucius Lucullus defeats Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Artaxata.
• Gaius Antonius Hybrida elected praetor.
• Tribune of the plebs Gaius Antius Restio passes the Lex Antia sumptuaria law forbidding Roman magistrates from attending banquets.^[3]
• Ostia, the harbour city of Ancient Rome, is sacked by pirates. The port is set on fire and the consular war fleet is destroyed.

• Abgar II becomes ruler of Osroene.

• Consuls: Manius Acilius Glabrio and Gaius Calpurnius Piso.
• During Pompey's war against the pirates, he raises a fleet of 500 warships and fights with great success.
• The lex Gabinia gives Pompey command of the Mediterranean and its coasts for 50 miles inland for three years. He defeats the pirates in three months and pacifies Cilicia.
• Pompey divides the Mediterranean into 13 zones – six in the West and seven in the East – to each of which he assigns a fleet under an admiral.
• Pompey offers the ex-pirates and their families clemency, he settles them in agricultural colonies in eastern Mediterranean lands.
• Pompey takes over the command of Lucius Lucullus in the war against Mithridates VI, and reaps the fruit of the latter's victories.
• Lex Acilia Calpurnia: permanent exclusion from office in cases of electoral corruption.
• Lex Roscia theatralis.
• Julius Caesar reconciles with Pompey and Crassus^[4]
• Julius Caesar marries Pompeia, a granddaughter of Sulla^[4]

• Hyrcanus II becomes king of Judea, for first time (until 66 BC), upon the death of his mother, Salome Alexandra.

• Mithridates VI invades Pontus and defeats a Roman army at the Battle of Zela.
• After his victory at Zela Mithridates started consolidating his power in Pontus; restoring his rule over his old kingdom.
• Lucullus returned to Pontus, but his troops refused to campaign for him any longer and he withdrew to Galatia.

• December – The army of the Han dynasty Chinese commander Zheng Ji is victorious over the Xiongnu in the Battle of Jushi.

• Consuls: Manius Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Volcatius Tullus.
• Catiline accused of conspiring against the Roman Republic with Autronius and the younger Sulla (also in 63 BC during the consulship of Cicero).
• The alliance between Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes II of Armenia is broken.
• Tigranes II is forced to surrender, by a payment of 6,000 talents, and is reinstated by Pompey as a "friend of the Roman people" to hold Armenia as a buffer zone.
• Battle of the Lycus: Pompey the Great decisively defeats Mithridates VI, effectively ending the Third Mithridatic War.
• Gaius Antonius elected Roman praetor.
• The lex Manilia, supported by Cicero gives Pompey command over all of Asia.
• Cicero becomes praetor in Rome.

• Aristobulus II becomes king and high priest of Judea, until 63 BC.

• In response to the illegal exercise of citizen rights by foreigners, the Roman Senate passes the Lex Papia, which expels all foreigners from Rome^[5]
• Tigranes of Armenia is defeated and captured by Pompey, thus ending all hostilities on the northeastern frontier of Rome.
• Pompey the Great subjugates the kingdom of Iberia and makes Colchis a Roman province.

• 9th year of the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han

• Pompey destroys the kingdom of Pontus; king Mithridates VI commits suicide after escaping to the Crimea.
• Pompey annexes Syria and captures Jerusalem, annexing Judea.

• King Antiochus XIII Asiaticus is deposed and killed by the Syrian chieftain Sampsiceramus I^[6] – this is considered by some the end of the Seleucid dynasty.

• Lucullus holds a triumph, then retires from war and politics to live a life of refined luxury.
• Establishment of the Decapolis and Year 1 of the Pompeian era.
• Pompey conquers the people of Phonecia, Coele-Syria, and Judea for the Roman Republic.
• Roman annexation of the Seleucid Empire and of Judea as a client kingdom. King Judah Aristobulus II removed from power, while his brother John Hyrcanus II is reappointed king (ethnarch) under Roman suzerainty and high priest, until 40 BC.
• Massacre of over 12,000 Jews on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem by Roman troops, in support of John Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus II.
• Julius Caesar is elected Pontifex Maximus and praetor for 62 BC.^[4]
• Marcus Tullius Cicero is senior consul. He is the first novus homo (new man) to be elected to the consulship in 31 years.
• Gaius Antonius Hybrida is junior consul.
• Cato the Younger is elected tribune of the people for 62 BC, taking office in early December 63 BC.
• Servilius Rullus, a Roman tribune, proposes an agrarian reform law.
• Second Catilinarian Conspiracy against the Roman Republic is foiled by Cicero.

• Pharnaces II becomes King of Pontus.

• January 5 – The forces of the conspirator Catiline are defeated by the loyal Roman armies of Antonius Hybrida led by Marcus Petreius in the Battle of Pistoria.
• Julius Caesar divorces Pompeia, following the sacrilege of Publius Clodius Pulcher.
• Cicero delivers his Pro Archia Poeta in defense of Aulus Licinius Archias' claim to Roman citizenship.
• Cato the Younger, as tribune, presents a lex frumentaria (enacting a grain dole).
• Metellus Nepos, also tribune, leaves Rome.
• Caesar and Bibulus are praetors.

• King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene builds his mountain-top tomb-sanctuary at Mount Nemrut.

• Pompey returns to Rome with a triumph in honor of his for victories in the eastern provinces.^[7]
• Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi as consul attempts to gain ratification of Pompey's Eastern Settlement.
• Julius Caesar becomes governor in Hispania and creates Legio X Gemina (3,500 men). He puts down the Callaici and Lusitani rebellions.

• Gaius Julius Caesar suppresses an uprising and conquers all of Lusitania for Rome.^[8][4]
• Creation of the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great and Marcus Licinius Crassus (or 59 BC).^[8]

• The Seleucid Empire comes to an end with the last two emperors being murdered on orders from Rome.^{[citation needed]}

• The Han dynasty government establishes the Protectorate of the Western Regions, the highest military position of a military commander on the Western frontier (Tarim Basin).^{[citation needed]}

• Pompey, Roman general, (lived 106 BC–48 BC)
• Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, (lived 132 BC–63 BC)
• Philip II Philoromaeus
• Gaius Antonius Hybrida, elected praetor in 66 BC
• Cleopatra VII is born (69 BC–30 BC) and grows into a young girl passing age 9.

69 BC

• Cleopatra VII Philopator, queen of Egypt (d. 30 BC)
• Hyeokgeose, Korean king and founder of Silla (d. AD 4)
• Wang Zhengjun, empress of the Western Han dynasty (d. AD 13)

68 BC

• Arsinoe IV of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy XII (and probably Cleopatra V) (d. 41 BC)

67 BC

• Arsinoe IV of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy XII (and probably Cleopatra V) (d. 41 BC)
• Sextus Pompey, Roman general and governor (d. 35 BC)

66 BC

• Octavia (the Younger), grandniece of Julius Caesar (d. 11 BC) ^[9]

65 BC

• December 8 – Horace, Roman poet (d. 8 BC)^[10]
• Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman orator, poet and historian (d. AD 4)^[11]

64 BC

• Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, Roman general and consul (d. AD 8)^[12]
• Nicolaus of Damascus, Jewish historian and philosopher (approximate date)
• Strabo, Greek philosopher and historian in Amaseia^[13]

63 BC

• September 23 – Augustus, first Roman Emperor (d. AD 14)^[14]
• Didymus Chalcenterus, Greek scholar and grammarian (approximate date) (d. c. AD 10)
• Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Roman statesman and general (d. 12 BC)

62 BC

• Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, king (pharaoh) of Egypt (d. 47 BC)

60 BC

• Curia, wife of Quintus Lucretius Vespillo (approximate date)
• Ptolemy XIV, king (pharaoh) of Egypt (or 59 BC)
• Tryphon, Greek grammarian (approximate date)
• Daeso, emperor of Dongbuyeo

69 BC

• Cleopatra II Selene, queen of Egypt
• Julia, wife of Gaius Marius (b. c. 130 BC)

68 BC

• Antiochus of Ascalon, Greek philosopher (b. c. 130 BC)
• Cornelia, wife of Julius Caesar (b. 94 BC)
• Huo Guang, official of the western Han Dynasty
• Lucius Caecillius Metellus, Roman consul

67 BC

• Lucius Cornelius Sisenna, Roman general and historian (b. c. 120 BC)
• Salome Alexandra, queen of Judea (b. 139 BC)

66 BC

• Licinius Macer, Roman annalist

65 BC

• Xiphares, son of Mithridates VI (b. c. 85 BC)

64 BC

• Antiochus XIII Asiaticus, king of the Seleucid Empire

63 BC

• Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (b. 135 BC)
• Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, pontifex maximus and general (b. c. 130 BC or 127 BC)
• Those involved in the organisation of the Catilinarian conspiracy in Rome, including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura

62 BC

• Lucius Sergius Catilina, Roman politician (b. 108 BC)
• Quintus Roscius Gallus, Roman actor (b. c. 126 BC)
• Zhang Anshi, Chinese official of the Han Dynasty

61 BC

• Quintus Marcius Rex, Roman consul and general

60 BC

• Aretas III Philhellen, king of Nabatea (approximate date)
• Su Wu, Chinese diplomat and statesman (b. 140 BC)

• Moore, Katrina (2017). "Octavia Minor and the Transition from Republic to Empire" (PDF). Clemson University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.