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Daily levothyroxine (LT4) is the standard of care for the treatment of hypothyroidism; however, a small number of patients experience residual symptoms of hypothyroidism. Guidelines indicate that a trial with LT4 and liothyronine (LT3) could be attempted once other conditions have been addressed or excluded. Even so, currently, treatment of hypothyroidism can still be suboptimal.
The introduction of teprotumumab for the treatment of thyroid eye disease has dramatically improved management of this life-changing condition; however, clinical trials and experience in the clinic have revealed associated hearing abnormalities.
The First International Congress on Head and Neck Paragangliomas in 2023 launched a global initiative directed towards improving the management of head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs), including prevention, treatment and research. The Congress highlighted a lack of international evidence-based consensuses and guidelines for HNPGLs. The Congress will now convene triennially to foster personalized medicine and research to advance patient care.
This Review discusses the effect of antibiotic-induced perturbations of the gut microbiome on host metabolic health. The authors outline factors that might influence the response to antibiotic use and highlight prebiotic strategies that could improve microbial composition and modulate microbial recovery.
The skeleton is a metabolically active organ, with bone formation and maintenance relying on highly anabolic, nutrient-consuming processes. Here, the authors describe the current understanding of fuel selection and intermediary metabolic pathways in bone cells during bone formation and discuss how metabolic dysfunction can contribute to skeletal disease.
The acid-labile subunit (ALS) of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein complex regulates the endocrine transport and bioavailability of IGF-1 and IGF-2 and therefore influences postnatal growth and metabolism. This Review addresses the endocrine physiology and pathology of ALS, discusses the emerging cellular roles for ALS and outlines its involvement in disease states.
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is an effective tool in the management of diabetes mellitus. This Perspective discusses the potential benefits of widespread adoption of CGM in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus at different stages of disease progression and treatment intensification.
