This is how I create my typical cartoon eyes! Generally, I usually set the eyes two or three pixels above the bottom. The lower the eyes are, the "cuter" the face looks. Start off with the base colors (like black and gray), then add some shine to the bottom half of the eyes. Afterwards, you can add some more shine to the pupils!

After making the eyes, try to make the head more round by adding slight shading in the back. Darken the far back and the brows of the character to give more depth to the look. While this is optional, you can add some shine to form the nose and ears!

To begin, remember how the shadows on the legs only go up to about three pixels away from the top. That way, you can create more realistic pants. There's also a line in the middle of the legs which represents the knee. For this tutorial, I'll only go over the basics on shading rather than specifics like shoes. Images 1-4 are the steps to each shade while the fifth image is the backside. For both legs and arms of any size, I like to wrap whichever color touches the edge to simplify the shadows. If you're thinking of using this design for the Steve arms, please remove the dark pixels at the top of the shoulders! Also, I recommend removing some of the darker pixels near the bottom since it may make the wrists weird if you're going for short sleeve arms.

The Alex arms are very similar to the Steve arms, but a little squished! I tend to work with 3px more than 4px, so this is something that I can confidently say I do well (or, at least, decently). The shadows will now wrap all around the side as my preference, but you don't have to! You can copy the leg design and squish it if you prefer the more realistic look. Just like the leg tutorial, the fifth image is the backside to show what it's supposed to look like.