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Erlang is a general-purpose programming language, often used for implementing real-time systems.

JavaScript is a lightweight, object-oriented, cross-platform scripting language, often used within web pages.

Polyfill.io provides tailored code that implements features on web browsers without native support.

Nginx (pronounced as "engine X") is a lightweight open source web server developed by Igor Sysoev.

Cowboy is an open source Erlang-based web server by Nine Nines.

Unix is a range of operating systems originally developed at Bell Labs. This includes Unix and Unix-like systems, such as Linux.

Amazon is a US-based e-commerce and cloud computing provider.

Amazon is a US-based e-commerce and cloud computing provider.

Link11 is a German provider of DDOS protection and content delivery network services.

ClouDNS is a managed DNS services provider.

Microsoft is a multinational technology company headquartered in USA, also offering email services.

Sectigo (formerly Comodo CA) is a US-based SSL certificate authority.

Starfield Technologies is an SSL certificate authority owned by Go Daddy.

Google Analytics is a free service to get detailed statistics about the visitors of a website, provided by Google. This includes the Ads conversion tracking and the Floodlight services.

The Google Advertising network consists of AdSense, DoubleClick and other services.

Amazon Associates is the affiliate program of Amazon.

Xandr is an advertising network owned by Microsoft, formerly by AT&T. This includes the former AppNexus brand.

OpenX (previously called phpAds, phpAdsNew, MaxMediaManager and Openads) is an open source ad management system and ad marketplace.

Equativ (formerly Smart AdServer) is an advertising networks for ads served on the web, mobile and tablets.

Outbrain is a native advertising platform.

Awin (formerly Zanox and Affiliate Window) is an affiliate marketing network. This includes the former brand Affilinet.

CJ Affiliate (formerly Commission Junction) is an online advertising and affiliate marketing service by Conversant.

Rakuten Advertising (formerly Rakuten Affiliate Network and LinkShare) is an advertising network.

Adobe DTM (Dynamic Tag Management) is a tag management system by Adobe, part of Abode Analytics. This includes Satellite, previously owned by Search Discovery, and Adobe TagManager.

Facebook Social Plugins provide a way for Facebook users to share web pages with their friends.

A Twitter Button allows a Twitter user to post a tweet from the visited site.

The WhatsApp share button allows users to share content with their WhatsApp contacts.

External Cascading Style Sheets define style rules in a separate CSS file.

Embedded Cascading Style Sheets define a set of style rules in a <style> element within a web page.

Inline Cascading Style Sheets define style rules directly within an (X)HTML element using the style attribute.

Gzip (GNU zip) is a file compression algorithm.

A strong ETag is an HTTP header field for validation of cached web pages, that indicates a byte-for-byte identical page in the cache.

HTTP/2 is the second major version of the HTTP network protocol.

HTTP/3 is the third major version of the HTTP network protocol, derived from the QUIC protocol.

HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) defines a mechanism enabling web sites to declare themselves accessible only via secure connections.

The websites redirects visitors to its www subdomain, e.g. from example.com to www.example.com.

The websites redirects visitors to use SSL encryption, e.g. from http://example.com/ to https://example.com/.

The Open Graph protocol, originally developed by Facebook, is an RDFa-based format that enables any web page to become a rich object in a social graph.

Twitter Cards enable automatic attachment of photos, videos and media elements to Tweets.

JSON-LD (JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data) is a method of encoding Linked Data using JSON.

Generic RDFa (Resource Description Framework in attributes) is RDFa without further specialization.

HTML5 is the fifth revision of the HTML standard.

UTF-8 (8-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode, which is backwards compatible with ASCII.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is a lossless compression image format, suitable to store graphics with uniformly colored areas, and originally introduced as a free, open-source successor of GIF.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a lossy compression method suitable to store photographic images.

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is an XML-based vector image format.

WebP is an image format that provides lossless and lossy compression, developed by Google.

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