An alternative interpretation ofAustralopithecus afarensis fossil material

• Coon, C. S., 1962.The Origin of the Races. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Dart, R. A., 1925. “Australopithecus africanus,” the man-ape of South Africa.Nature, 115: 195–199.

  Google Scholar 

• Greenfield, L. O., 1978. On the dental arcade reconstruction ofRamapithecus.J. Human. Evol., 7(4): 345–359.

  Google Scholar 

• ————, 1979. On the adaptive pattern of “Ramapithecus.”Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 50: 527–548.

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• ————, 1980. A late divergence hypothesis.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 52: 351–365.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Gregory, W. K., 1951.Evolution Emerging. Macmillan, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Gribbin J. &J. Cherfas, 1981. Descent of man, or ascent of ape?New Scientist, 3: 592–595.

  Google Scholar 

• Holloway, R. L., 1974. The casts of fossil hominid brains.Sci. Amer., July: 106–115.

• Johanson, D. C., 1976. Ethiopia yields first “family” of man.National Geogr. Dec., 790–811.

• ———— &M. Edey, 1981.Lucy, the Beginnings of Humankind. Simon & Schuster, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• ———— &M. Taieb, 1976. Plio-Pleistocene hominid discoveries in Hadar, Ethiopia.Nature (London), 260: 293–297.

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• ———— &T. D. White, 1979. A systematic assessment of early African hominids.Science, 203(4378): 321–330.

  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• ————,T. D. White &Y. Coppens, 1978. A new species of the genusAustralopithecus (Primates: Hominidae) from the Pliocene of eastern Africa.Kirtlandia, 28: 1–14.

  Google Scholar 

• ————,M. Taieb &Y. Coppens, 1982. Pliocene hominids from the Hadar Formation, Ethiopia (1973–1977): Stratigraphic, chronologic and paleoenvironmental contexts, with notes on hominid morphology and systematics.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 57: 501–544.

  Google Scholar 

• Jolly, C. J. (ed.), 1978.Early Hominids of Africa. St. Martin's, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Kimbel, W. H., D. C. Johanson &Y. Coppens, 1982. Pliocene hominid cranial remains from the Hadar Formation, Ethiopia.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 57: 453–499.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Le Gros Clark, W. E., 1947. Observations on the anatomy of the fossil Australopithecinae.J. Anat., 81: 3.

  Google Scholar 

• ————, 1955.The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.

  Google Scholar 

• ----, 1958.History of the Primates. Printed by order of the British Museum, London.

• ————, 1959.The Antecedents of Man. Edinburgh Univ. Press, London.

  Google Scholar 

• Leakey, M. D., 1981.The Making of Mankind. E. P. Dutton, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• ————,R. L. Hay, G. H. Curtis, R. E. Drake, M. K. Jackes &T. D. White, 1976. Fossil hominids from the Laetoli Beds.Nature (London), 262: 460.

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• McHenry, H. M. &R. S. Corruccini, 1980. On the status ofAustralopithecus afarensis.Science, 207(7): 1102–1104.

  Google Scholar 

• Mills, J. R. E., 1963. Dentition in the assessment of individual age in skeletal material. In:Dental Anthropology,D. R. Brothwell (ed.), Macmillan, New York, pp. 191–209.

  Google Scholar 

• Pilbeam, D., 1969. Tertiary pongidae of East Africa: Evolutionary relationships and taxonomy.Peabody Mus. Bull. (Yale), No. 31.

• ————, 1972.The Ascent of Man. Macmillan, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Reader, J., 1981.Missing Links, the Hunt for Earliest Man. Little, Brown & Co., Boston.

  Google Scholar 

• Simons, E. L., 1961. The Phyletic Position ofRamapithecus, Postilla. Yale Peabody Museum, November.

• ————, 1967. The significance of primate paleontology for anthropological studies.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 27: 307–332.

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Tobias, P. V., 1980. “Australopithecus afarensis” andA. africanus: Critique and an alternative hypothesis.Palaeont. Afr., 23: 1–17.

  Google Scholar 

• Ward, S. C., 1980. Maxillary subocclusal morphology of Pliocene hominids from the Hadar Formation and Miocene Hominoids from the Siwaliks and Potwar Plateau.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 52: 290–291.

  Google Scholar 

• White, T. D., 1977. New fossil hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 46: 197–230.

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• ————, 1980. Hominoid mandibles from the Miocene to the Pliocene.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 52: 292.

  Google Scholar 

• ———— &D. C. Johanson, 1982. Pliocene hominid mandibles from the Hadar Formation, Ethiopia: 1974–1977 Collections.Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 57: 501–544.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Williams, B. J., 1979.Evolution and Human Origins. Harper & Row, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Wolpoff, M. H., 1968. “Telanthropus” and the single species hypothesis.Amer. Anthropol., 70: 477–493.

  Google Scholar 

Download references