Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation/VerifiedDataSandbox and Pefloxacin: Difference between pages

{{short description |Antibiotic}}

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| IUPAC_name = 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid

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'''Pefloxacin''' is a [[quinolone antibiotic]] used to treat bacterial infections. Pefloxacin has not been approved for use in the United States.

==History==

Pefloxacin was developed in 1979 and approved in France for human use in 1985.<ref>{{Cite court|litigants=Generics (UK) Limited v. Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd & Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd|court=EWHC|pinpoint=2016-07-13|date=15 October 2008|url=http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Patents/2008/2413.html}}</ref>

==Licensed uses==

*Uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in males.<ref name="p_usage">{{Cite web |title=Reasons for prescribing Pefloxacin |url=http://www.pefloxacin.com/pefloxacin_usage.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034519/http://www.pefloxacin.com/pefloxacin_usage.htm |archive-date=2016-03-05 |website=pefloxacin.com}}</ref>

*Bacterial infections in the gastrointestinal system.<ref name=p_usage/>

*Genitourinary tract infections.<ref name=p_usage/>

*Gonorrhoea, however, this use is no longer effective due to bacterial resistance.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Update to CDC's sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006: fluoroquinolones no longer recommended for treatment of gonococcal infections |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=56 |issue=14 |pages=332–6 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17431378 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5614a3.htm |author= Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref>

Pefloxacin has been increasingly used as a veterinary medicine to treat microbial infections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alternative uses for Pefloxacin |url=http://www.pefloxacin.com/pefloxacin_other.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617061536/http://www.pefloxacin.com/pefloxacin_other.html |archive-date=2016-06-17 |website=pefloxacin.com}}</ref>

==Mode of action==

Pefloxacin is a [[broad-spectrum antibiotic]] that is active against both [[Gram-positive]] and [[Gram-negative]] bacteria. It functions by inhibiting [[DNA gyrase]], a type II [[topoisomerase]], and topoisomerase IV,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Drlica K, Zhao X |title=DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones |journal=Microbiol Mol Biol Rev |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=377–92 |date=1 September 1997|doi=10.1128/mmbr.61.3.377-392.1997 |pmid=9293187 |pmc=232616 |url=}}</ref> which is an enzyme necessary to separate, replicated DNA, thereby inhibiting cell division.

==Adverse effects==

Tendinitis and rupture, usually of the Achilles tendon, are class-effects of the fluoroquinolones, most frequently reported with pefloxacin.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Khaliq Y, Zhanel GG |title=Musculoskeletal injury associated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics |journal=Clin Plast Surg |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=495–502, vi |date=October 2005 |pmid=16139623 |doi=10.1016/j.cps.2005.05.004 |url=http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/retrieve/pii/S0094-1298(05)00043-X}}

</ref> The estimated risk of tendon damage during pefloxacin therapy has been estimated by the French authorities in 2000 to be 1 case per 23,130 treatment days as compared to ciprofloxacin where it has been estimated to be 1 case per 779,600.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Casparian JM, Luchi M, Moffat RE, Hinthorn D |title=Quinolones and tendon ruptures |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=488–91 |date=May 2000 |pmid=10832946 |doi=10.1097/00007611-200093050-00008}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{QuinoloneAntiBiotics}}

==External links==

* [http://health.howstuffworks.com/cipro.htm How Stuff Works - Cipro]

* [http://www.oubari.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=My_eGallery&file=index&do=showpic&pid=112 Package insert information]{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Category:1,4-di-hydro-7-(1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids]]

[[Category:Fluoroquinolone antibiotics]]

[[Category:Piperazines]]