Bromoxynil: Difference between revisions

| verifiedrevid = 414035349

|ImageFile=Bromoxynil.png

|ImageSize=200px

|IUPACName=3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile

|OtherNames=

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| CASNo=1689-84-5

| PubChem=15531

| ChEBI = 17192

| Formula=C₇H₃Br₂NO

| MolarMass=276.91 g/mol

| Appearance=

| Density=

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'''Bromoxynil''' is a [[nitrile]] [[herbicide]], which is distributed as a [[Restricted Use Pesticide]] in [[toxicity class]] II (moderately toxic), and not available for homeowner use. Trade names include Brominal, Bromotril, Bronate, Buctril, Certrol B, Litarol, M&B 10064, Merit, Pardner, Sabre, and Torch. It is used for post-emergent control of [[annual plant|annual]] [[broadleaf weed]]s. It is especially effective in the control of weeds in [[cereal]], [[maize|corn]], [[sorghum]], [[onion]]s, [[flax]], [[mint (herb)|mint]], [[Sod|turf]], and on non-cropland. It works by inhibiting [[photosynthesis]]. Lethal doses in mammals range between 60 and 600 [[milligrams]] ingested per [[kilogram]] of body weight, and [[teratogenic]] effects have been observed in rats and rabbits above 30 milligrams per kilogram. Chronic exposure for more than one year in humans caused symptoms of weight loss, fever, vomiting, headache, and urinary problems in one documented case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ace.orst.edu/info//extoxnet/pips/bromoxyn.htm|title=Extension Toxicology Network: Pesticide information profiles}}</ref>

In the Great Plains region of Canada it is widely used on cereal grains. Average levels detected in drinking water were 1 [[nanogram]] per [[liter]], but in one case as high as 384 nanograms per liter were detected. Levels of bromoxynil were consistently lower than of several other pesticides tested, and it was observed to undergo greater reduction in water treatment than the others.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Pesticides in Surface Drinking-Water Supplies of the Northern Great Plains|author=David B. Donald, Allan J. Cessna, Ed Sverko, and Nancy E. Glozier|journal=Environ Health Perspect. |year=2007|volume=115|issue=8|pages=1183–1191|pmid=17687445|doi=10.1289/ehp.9435|pmc=1940079}}</ref>

Bromoxynil decomposes readily in soil, with a half life of approximately two weeks. Persistence increases in soils with elevated clay or organic matter content, suggesting the compound has somewhat limited [[bioavailability]] to microorganisms in these environments. Under aerobic conditions in soils or pure cultures, products of bromoxynil degradation often retain the original bromine groups. The herbicide, and one of its common degradation products (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid) have been shown to undergo metabolic reductive [[dehalogenation]] by the microorganism, Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans.<ref>Cupples, A. M., R. A. Sanford, and G. K. Sims. 2005. Dehalogenation of Bromoxynil (3,5-Dibromo-4-Hydroxybenzonitrile) and Ioxynil (3,5-Diiodino-4-Hydroxybenzonitrile) by Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71(7):3741-3746.</ref>

[[Category:Organobromides]]

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