List of academic ranks

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This list of academic ranks identifies the hierarchical ranking structure found amongst scholars in academia. The lists below refer specifically to colleges and universities throughout the world, although other institutions of higher learning may follow a similar schema.

• Pohand
• Pohanwal
• Pohandoi
• Pohanmal
• Pohanyar
• Pohyalai
• Namzade Pohyalai

• Professor emeritus
• Professor
• Associate professor
• Assistant professor
• Lecturer
• Demonstrator

• [Gewoon hoogleraar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (full professor) (professor ordinarius)
• [Buitengewoon hoogleraar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (full professor) (professor extraordinarius)
• [Hoogleraar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (professor)
• [Hoofddocent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (associate professor)
• [Docent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (assistant professor)
• [Doctor-assistant] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (postdoc research assistant)
• [Assistent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research assistant)

Administrative ranks

• Rector
• Vice-Rector
• Decaan (dean, i.e. head of a faculty)

• [Professeur ordinaire] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (full professor)
• [Professeur extraordinaire] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (visiting professor in Switzerland, part-time professor in Belgium)
• [Professeur] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (professor)
• [Chargé de cours définitif] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (associate professor, tenured)
• [Chargé de cours temporaire] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (associate professor, tenure-track)
• [Chargé de cours invité] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (visiting assistant professor, non-tenured)
• [Maître de conférences] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (associate professor, tenured)
• [Directeur de recherche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research director, appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Chef de travaux agrégé] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher with teaching aggregation, with Ph.D.)
• [Maître de Conférences] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher, with Ph.D., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Chef de travaux] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher, with Ph.D.)
• [Chercheur qualifié] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Premier assistant] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior research assistant, with Ph.D.)
• [Chargé de recherche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (researcher, typically post.doc., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Assistant de recherche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research assistant)

Administrative ranks

• Recteur (president of university)
• Vice-Recteur
• Doyen (dean, i.e. head of a faculty, elected)
• Président d'institut (director of research institute, elected)
• Vice-Doyen (vice-dean, i.e. head of studies in a faculty)
• Président de département (department head, elected)

• [Asistent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - assistant (Must hold at least Masters Degree with excellent grades. Relevant working experience could be required as well)
• [Docent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - assistant professor (Must hold PhD, Doctorate or pre-Bologna Magister Degree with evidence of further study to doctoral level. Relevant working experience could be required as well)
• [Vanredni profesor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - associate professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)
• [Profesor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - full professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)

Administrative ranks

• [Rektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - rector / chancellor / head of university
• [Prorektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - prorector / vice-chancellor / head of university assistant
• [Dekan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - dean / head of faculty or school at the university
• [Prodekan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - vice-dean / head of faculty or school at the university
• [Šef katedre] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - head of department

Honorary ranks

• [Profesor emeritus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) - professor emeritus

• Assistant professor – Асистент
• Chief assistant professor – Главен Асистент
• Docent – Доцент – associate professor
• Professor – Професор – full professor

University

• Assistant professor – Асистент
• Chief assistant professor – Главен Асистент
• Docent – Доцент – associate professor
• Professor – Професор – full professor

Academy of Sciences

• Scientist III: after Master thesis or Diploma, equal to Assistant
• Scientist II: after Doctoral thesis/PhD/Dissertation, after Dr. Grade (3–5 or 7 years work after Master), equal Chef Assistant, *Associate or Post Doc
• Scientist I: After second Post Doc (1 or 2 years work after PhD/Dr), equal Senior Assistant or Senior Associate.
• Senior Scientist I: after PhD (USA, UK....) or Doctoral dissertation/thesis (France, Germany, Russia...) and some years of *Post-Doc, equal of Assoc. Prof.
• Senior Scientist II: after Habilitation, equal to Professor

• Full Professor

Higher administration of the academy of sciences

• Member of correspondence for the Academy of Science (after professor/habilitation), very rare
• Academic: after member of correspondence (for the entire of Bulgaria).

Administrative ranks

• Rector
• Vice-rectors
• Assistant rector
• Secretary general
• Academic ombudsman

Academic ranks:

• Profesor Titular (Full Professor)
• Profesor Asociado (Associate Professor)
• Profesor Asistente (Assistant Professor)
• Instructor (Non-doctoral Teacher, mostly holding Bachelor or Master degree)
• Profesor emérito (Emeritus Professor)

Types of employment:

• Profesor de Planta (Full time faculty, may hold any of the above ranks)
• Profesor de Cátedra (Lecturer, part-time teacher)

• Redoviti professor u trajnom zvanju equivalent to distinguished professor (prof. dr. sc. Name Surname)
• Redoviti professor equivalent to full professor (prof. dr. sc. Name Surname)
• Izvanredni professor equivalent to associate professor (prof. dr. sc. Name Surname)
• Docent equivalent to assistant professor (doc. dr. sc. Name Surname)
• Viši asistent equivalent to teaching/research assistant, PhD (dr. sc. Name Surname)
• Asistent equivalent to teaching/research assistant, usually a PhD student
• Viši predavač equivalent to senior lecturer
• Predavač equivalent to lecturer

Honorary academic rank

• Professor emeritus - awarded to some full professors in retirement

Administrative ranks

• Rektor equivalent to rector, head of university (in USA equivalent to president of university)
• Prorektor equivalent to prorector, assistant to head of university (in USA equivalent to vice-president of university)
• Dekan equivalent to dean, head of faculty or school in university
• Prodekan equivalent to vice-dean, assistant to dean
• Pročelnik odsjeka equivalent to department chair
• Predstojnik zavoda equivalent to head of department
• Predstojnik katedre equivalent to head of chair

Tenure-track faculty positions

• Professor
• Associate professor
• Assistant professor
• Lecturer

Non-tenure track positions

• Special teaching personnel
• Special scientists

Administrative positions:

• Rektor (rector)
• Dekan (dean), head of a faculty (human sciences, natural sciences etc.)
• Institutleder (department manager), head of a department (computer science, mathematics etc.)

Academic positions:

• Professor
• Lektor (associate professor), time traditionally divided as 50-40-10 between teaching, research, and administration
• Adjunkt (assistant professor), usually almost the same teaching/research/administration division as lektor, although sometimes a little more time for research
• Post-doc, generally a research position, but with the possibility of teaching
• Ekstern Lektor part-time teaching at university. Does not normally require a research degree (PhD or equivalent)

• Emeriitprofessor (professor emeritus)
• Professor
• Dotsent (associate professor)
• Lektor (lecturer)
• Õpetaja (teacher)

	Faculty	Research-only	Teaching-only	Part-time
Tenured positions	Professeur des universités or Directeur d'études	Directeur de recherche		Professeur des universités associé
	Maître de conférences	Chargé de recherche	professeur agrégé or professeur certifié	Maître de conférences associé
Non-tenured positions	Attaché temporaire d'enseignement et de recherches (ATER)	Post-doctorant	Chargé d'enseignement
	Doctorant contractuel chargé d'enseignement	Doctorant contractuel

• Professor emeritus
• Professor
• Associate professor
• Assistant professor
• Lecturer
• Adjunct lecturer or adjunct assistant professor (a temporary employee with a short-term contract, usually for one semester, usually holder of a Ph.D. as described in the Greek Presidential Decree 407/1980. Adjunct lecturers are sometimes called simply as "407", after the number of the Decree)
• Teaching assistant (This rank was abolished in 1982, but people holding it remain teaching assistants until retirement.)

Administrative ranks

• rector
• Vice-rector
• Secretary general
• Dean
• Deputy dean
• Chairman of the department
• Deputy chairman of the department
• Director of the section

The holders of administrative ranks must be professors or associate professors. The only exception is secretary general, who is not a faculty member.

• Professor Emeritus (on retirement)
• Professor
• Reader
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer II
• Lecturer I
• Assistant Lecturer
• Tutor
• Laboratory Demonstrator

Administrative ranks

• Chancellor
• Vice-chancellor/president
• Deputy vice-chancellor
• Registrar
• Deputy Registrar
• Deans of Faculties
• Heads of Departments/Schools

Academic ranks
In the past, Hong Kong followed the British system (4 levels). In recent years it is moving towards the North American counterpart, with the titles renamed to their corresponding equivalence (professor, associate professor, and assistant professor). Institutions established in the 1980s and 1990s almost entirely follows the North American system, while older ones, notably The University of Hong Kong is in the process of transition.^[1] Depending on institutions, the title of "professor" is assumed by chair professors and professors, or assistant professors and above.

• Chair professor
• Emeritus professor
• Honorary professor
• Professor
• Associate professor
• Assistant professor
• Lecturer
• Research assistant professor
• Post-doctoral fellow
• Adjunct (associate/assistant) professor
• Professional consultant or teaching consultant/fellow
• Research associate
• Research assistant and teaching assistant (or tutor, instructor, demonstrator)
• Postgraduate or graduate
• Undergraduate

Administrative ranks

• Chancellor (titular, normally the Chief Executive (formerly the Governor) of Hong Kong) or president in the Hong Kong Shue Yan University
• Pro-chancellor (titular, only for the University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)
• Vice-chancellor or president (or vice president principal in the Hong Kong Shue Yan University): being the chief executive of the institutution
• Deputy vice-chancellor (as the first among pro-vice-chancellors in the University of Hong Kong)
• Pro-vice-chancellors or vice-presidents or deputy presidents
• Associate pro-vice-chancellors (as in the Chinese University of Hong Kong) or Associate vice-president (as in the Hong Kong Baptist University, the Lingnan University, the Hong Kong Shue Yan University, and the Hong Kong Institute of Education)
• Registrar
• Provost (for some universities)
• Deans of faculties / schools
• Heads (or directors) of departments / schools

• Prófessor
• Dósent (associate-professors)
• Lektor (assistant-professors)

Academic ranks There are 4 academic ranks which can be categorized to 9 main levels with one or more rates within each rank.

1. Asisten Ahli (Associate Lecturer, rates: 100, 150)
2. Lektor (Lecturer, rates: 200, 300)
3. Lektor Kepala (Senior Lecturer, rates: 400, 550, 700)
4. Guru Besar (professor)
   • Guru Besar Madya (Associate Professor) - Rate 850
   • Guru Besar (Professor) - Rate 1050

Administrative ranks (university)

• Rektor (Rector)
• Wakil Rektor (Vice Rector)

Fakultas-Fakultas (University Schools)

• Dekan (Dean)
• Wakil Dekan (Vice Dean)
• Ketua Jurusan (Head of Department)
• Kepala Program Studi (Head of Programme)

• Ostád Tamám استاد تمام (full professor)
• Ostád استاد (professor)
• Dánešyár دانشیار (associate professor)
• Ostádyár استادیار (assistant professor)
• Morabbi مربی (lecturer)

Emeritus ranks

• Emeritus professor
• Fellow

Administrative ranks

• Chancellor
• Dean
• Head of department

• استاذ equivalent to professor.
• استاذ مشارك equivalent to associate professor.
• استاذ مساعد equivalent to assistant professor in American Universities (with PhD).
• مدرس Assistant lecturer (without PhD).

Faculty (all these positions are tenured or tenure-track):

• Professore Emerito (full professor after retirement age whose high importance in academic field has been credited by the faculty council and approved by the Ministry of Higher Education: it is just an honorific title, although, in some cases, a Professore Emerito is allowed to keep his/her office for up to two years)
• Professore Ordinario, but more precisely: Professore di I fascia (full professor; tenured position)
• Professore Straordinario (a professor taking his/her three years of testing before being confirmed as full professor)
• Professore Associato, but more precisely: Professore di II fascia (associate professor; tenured position)
• Professore Associato non confermato : Professore di II fascia taking his/her three years of testing before being confirmed as Professore Associato
• Professore aggregato (a faculty researcher with a temporary appointment for a given course)
• Ricercatore confermato (assistant professor or researcher; tenured position)
• Ricercatore non confermato (assistant professor or researcher in tenure-track; a researcher taking his/her three years of testing before being confirmed as researcher; ; no position of Ricercatore can be created after an Italian university reform in 2010, but whoever achieved this role before will keep his right to be tenured after the first three years)
• Assistente (The former entry level of permanent positions before Ricercatore replaced it in the early 1980s. No position of Assistente were created since then, but some personnel kept the title, though most of them became Ricercatore confermato)

Non-faculty and temporary:

• Professore a contratto (professor with a temporary appointment for a given course or lecture series)
• Professore incaricato (former name, before 1980, for Professore a contratto)
• Assegnista di Ricerca (research fellow with a temporary position, usually holding a Ph.D. title)
• Dottorando di Ricerca (Ph.D. student)

Notice that as of January 2011, some changes have been introduced in the above system, in particular faculties have been abolished in all Italian state universities substituted by larger departments in charge of both teaching and research. Therefore, the role of the "Preside" is now extinguished.

Administrative ranks

• Rettore (rector)
• Prorettore (vice-rector)
• Preside (dean of faculty)
• Presidente di Consiglio di Corso di Laurea (head of a Bachelor/Msc curriculum on a given topic)
• Direttore di Dipartimento (head of department)

Tenured or non-tenured faculty^{[note 1]}

• Professor emeritus, Meiyo Kyōju (名誉教授)
• Professor, Kyōju (教授)
• Associate professor, Joukyuujunkyōju (上級准教授)
• Assistant professor, Junkyōju (准教授) (previously, Jokyōju (助教授))
• Lecturer/ Instructor, Kōshi (講師)
• Research associate / assistant lecturer, Jokyō (助教)

Kōshi (講師)andJokyō (助教) are likely to be non-tenure (most kōshi in the national university system are, however, tenured). fellow,Kenkyūin (研究員) and assistant,Joshu (助手) Tenured or non-tenured faculty^{[note 1]}

Protected job titles (aka tenure positions):

• (Full) professor (정교수/교수)
• Associate professor (부교수)
• Assistant professor (조교수)
• Full-time instructor (전임 강사) : In some universities, this rank is missed and full-time academic career begins with the assistant professor rank.

Other positions:

• Part-time instructor (시간 강사)
• Research professor (연구 교수)
• Clinical professor (임상 교수)
• Adjunct professor (겸임 교수)
• Visiting professor (객원 교수/초빙 교수)
• Chaired professor (석좌 교수)
• Emeritus professor (명예 교수)

Administrative positions:

• Rektors (male), Rektore (female) (rector)
• Dekāns (male), Dekāne (female) (dean), head of a faculty (human sciences, natural sciences etc.)
• Nodaļas vadītājs (male) Nodaļas vadītāja (female) (department manager), head of a department (computer science, mathematics etc.)

Academic positions:

• Profesors (male) Profesore (female) Professor
• Asociētais profesors (male) Asociētā profesore (female) associate professor
• Docents (male), Docente (female) (assistant professor), usually almost the same teaching/research/administration division as professor, Doctoral Degree required
• Lektors (male), Lektore (female) Lecturer. Requires MA degree
• Asistents (male), Asistente (female) research or teaching assistant

Academic positions at the Lebanese American University:

• Instructor
• Senior Instructor
• Lecturer
• Assistant Professor
• Associate Professor
• Professor
• Distinguished Professor

• Professor (أستاذ)
• Associate professor (أستاذ مشارك)
• Assistant professor (أستاذ مساعد)
• Lecturer (محاضر)
• Assistant lecturer (محاضر مساعد )

At the University of Macau there are nine levels of faculty rank, namely

• Chair professor,
• Distinguished professor,
• Professor,
• Associate professor,
• Assistant professor
• Senior lecturer
• Lecturer
• Senior instructor
• Instructor

At the Macau Polytechnic Institute there are three levels

• professor (professor coordenador)
• associate professor (professor adjuncto)
• lecturer (assistente)

• Demonstrator, Демонстратор-(Graduate employ in university)
• Younger assistant, Помлад Асистент-(B.Sc.)
• Assistant, Асистент-(M.Sc.)
• Docent, Доцент-(Ph.D.)
• Vonreden Professor, Вонреден Професор-(associate professor)
• Professor, Професор-(full-time professor)
• Professor emeritus, Пензиониран Професор-(retired professor)
• Academic, Академик-(academician)

Administrative positions:

• Pomlad referent, Помлад референт- (Younger Civil Servant) -High School Diploma
• Referent, Референт- (Civil Servant) -High School Diploma
• Postar Referent, Постар Референт- (Senior Civil Servant) -High School Diploma
• Pomlad Sorabotnik, Помлад Соработник- (Younger Associate) -Associate Degree
• Sorabotnik, Соработник- (Аssociate) -Associate Degree
• Postar Sorabotnik, Постар Соработник- (Senior Associate) -Associate Degree
• Rakovoditel na studentski prasanja, Раководител на студентски прашања- (Head of Students Affairs) -Bachelors Degree
• Rakovoditel na katedra/institut, Раководител на катедра/институт- (Head of Department/Institute) -Ph.D.
• Prodekan, Продекан- (Vice Dean) -Ph.D.
• Dekan, Декан- (Dean) -Ph.D.
• Prorektor, Проректор- (Vice Rector) -Ph.D.
• Rektor, Ректор- (Rector) -Ph.D.

Academic positions (in descending hierarchy)^{[note 2]}

• [Profesor DiRaja] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (royal professor, usually retired professors, title bestowed by King)
• [Profesor emeritus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (usually retired professors)
• Senior professor (a newly introduced rank mainly to denote salary and hierarchical difference)
• Professor
• Professor Madya (associate professor)
• Senior lecturer
• Lecturer
• Assistant lecturer/ Tutor
• Instructor (with pre-degree qualifications)

Administrative (in descending hierarchy)

• Chancellor (federal/state ruler)
• Pro chancellor (non-executive)
• Vice chancellor
• Deputy vice chancellor
• Assistant vice chancellor
• Deans of faculties
• Head of Programme

• Professor
• Associate Professor
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer
• Assistant Lecturer

• Assistant professor
• Associate professor
• Full-time professor
• Research professor
• Professor emeritus

Full time Part time

President Provost Registrar´s Officer Director of College

See under Australia and New Zealand (above)

Academic Positions

• Emeritus Professor
• Professor
• Associate Professor / Reader
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer I
• Lecturer II
• Assistant Lecturer

Administrative Positions

• Chancellor
• Pro-chancellor
• Vice-chancellor
• Deputy vice-chancellor
• Pro-vice-chancellor
• Deans of faculties(some are referred to as provost)
• Heads of departments/schools
• Department/school directors of studies

• Professor Emeritus
• Meritorious Professor/ Distinguished National Professor
• Professor
• Associate professor
• Assistant professor
• Lecturer
• Lab Engineer

• Professor Emeritus
• Full professor VI
• Full professor V
• Full professor IV
• Full professor III
• Full professor II
• Full professor I
• Full professor
• Associate professor
• Aggregate professor
• Assistant professor
• Instructor II
• Instructor I

Dedication rank

• Exclusive dedication professor
• Full-time professor
• Contracted professor

Administrative ranks (public national)

• Chancellor
• Vice Chancellor for Planning and Development
• Vice Chancellor for Research and Extension
• Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs
• Vice Chancellor for Finance and Management
• University secretary or registrar
  • Dean
  • Assistant Dean
    • • Department Chairman
        • Faculty Members and Staff

Other professors

• Professor-researcher
• Researcher
• Professor Emeritus
• Ad honorem professor

Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank)

• (pl '[asystent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - research-and-teaching assistant / research-and-teaching fellow (hold master degree)
• (pl '[adiunkt] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - assistant professor (requires PhD)
• (pl '[docent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - senior lecturer (requires PhD or habilitation), (a new position since 2007, optional and only in some universities, does not involve any research duties and is meant mainly for teaching). Until 1987 a position between assistant professor and associate professor.
• (pl '[profesor nadzwyczajny] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - associate professor (requires habilitation), according to German nomenclature sometimes called "professor extraordinarius"
• (pl '[profesor zwyczajny] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - full professor (requires the professor title, which is an academic title, not an academic position), sometimes called "professor ordinarius"

and also for a special purpose:

• (pl '[profesor wizytujący] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)')- visiting professor
• (pl '[profesor emerytowany] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)')- professor emeritus

Teaching staff: (lower rank)

• (pl '[instruktor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - instructor (sport)
• (pl '[lektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - instructor, foreign language teacher
• (pl '[wykładowca] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - lecturer
• (pl '[starszy wykładowca] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)') - senior lecturer

Elected or nominated posts

• Rector ([Rektor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) - the principal head of the university (one per university); usually assisted by several deputy rectors (pl prorektor)
• Dean ([Dziekan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)); the principal head of the faculty (one per faculty), usually assisted by several deputy deans (pl prodziekan);
• Head ([Kierownik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) - the head of the institute/department/chair (one per organizational unit)

Administrative ranks

• Rector ("[rector] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)"; one per university; usually assisted by a vice-rector "[prorector] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")
• Dean ("[decan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)"; one per faculty; assisted by a vice-dean "[prodecan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")
• Head of department ("[șef de departament] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)"; one per department)

Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank)

• Professor ("[profesor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")
• Associate professor ("[conferenţiar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")
• Assistant professor or lecturer ("[lector] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)" or "[şef de lucrări] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")

and also for a special purpose:

• Visiting professor ("[profesor vizitator] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")
• Professor emeritus ("[profesor emerit] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)" or "[profesor consultant] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")

Teaching staff (lower rank)

• Teaching assistant or assistant lecturer ("[asistent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)")
• Junior teaching assistant ("[preparator] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)") - this position type will become obsolete in 2015 (according to the current Romanian legislation)

• Asistent - assistant (Must hold at least Master (after Bologna process) or Honours degree (university diploma awarded before the Bologna process) with excellent grades, pursuing a postgraduate studies (either Doctorate / PhD studies or pre-Bologna process Magister studies). Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well)
• Asistent-raziskovalec - research assistant (Must hold at least Master (after Bologna process) or Honours degree (university diploma awarded before the Bologna process) with excellent grades, pursuing a postgraduate studies (either Doctorate / PhD studies or pre-Bologna process Magister studies). Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well)
• Lektor (usually a native speaker of a taught language)
• Docent - assistant professor (Must hold Doctorate / PhD. Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well.)
• Izredni profesor - associate professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)
• Redni profesor - full professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)

Administrative ranks

• Rektor - rector / chancellor / head of university
• Prorektor - prorector / vice-chancellor / head of university assistant
• Dekan - dean / head of faculty, academy or school at the university
• Prodekan - vice-dean / head of faculty, academy or school at the university
• Predstojnik oddelka - head of department; several per faculty, academy or school at the university

Honorary ranks

• Zaslužni profesor - distinguished professor, a title bestowed to professors for their extraordinary achievements

• Professor emeritus (on retirement)
• Senior professor
• Professor
• Associate professor (rare)
• Senior lecturer
• Lecturer
• Assistant lecturer
• Instructor/ demonstrator
• Student instructor (undergrad)

Administrative ranks

• Chancellor (titular)
• Vice-chancellor/president
• Registrar
• Deans of faculties
• Heads of departments/schools

^{[note 3]}

• Hilfassistent/innen: Undergraduate research assistant / Undergraduate teaching assistant
• Assistent/innen: research assistant (typically a PhD student)
• Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter/innen: Scientific Staff (Note: typically synonymous with "Assistent/innen")
• Postdoc: Postdoc (i.e., after PhD)
• Oberassistent/innen: senior researcher/lecturer (typically after 1–2 years as a postdoc)
• Lehrbeauftragte: lecturer / adjunct professor
• Gastdozent/innen: visiting lecturer
• Assistent professor: assistant professor (requires PhD)
• Privatdozent/innen: senior lecturer (has the habilitation but not professorship)
• Professor: full professor (ordinary and extraordinary)

• Professeur ordinaire (full professor, chair)
• Professeur extraordinaire
• Professeur invité
• Professeur associé (associate professor literally, yet functions as full professor or reader, non-chair, tenured)
• Professeur assistant (assistant professor literally, yet functions as associate professor, tenured)
• Chargé de cours (senior lecturer, yet functions as associate professor, tenured)
• Privat docent (has the habilitation but not professorship)
• Maître-Assistant (assistant professor or lecturer, non-tenured)
• Assistant (lecturer, usually a graduate student)
• Moniteur (undergraduate student)

• Professor emeritus
• Professor
• Associate professor
• Assistant professor (assistant professor and above are mainly for people who hold a PhD degree. Some are promoted to this rank by distinctive industrial performance.)
• Lecturer
• Adjunct professor
• Adjunct associate professor
• Adjunct assistant professor (According to the contract work, and less welfare. Usually 1 to 2 years.)
• Adjunct researcher

• [Professeur ordinaire] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (full professor)
• [Professeur extraordinaire] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (full professor)
• [Professeur] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (professor)
• [Chargé de cours définitif] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (associate professor, tenured)
• [Chargé de cours temporaire] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (assistant professor, tenure-track)
• [Chargé de cours invité] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (visiting assistant professor, non-tenured)
• [Maître de conférences] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (associate professor, tenured)
• [Directeur de recherche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research director, appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Chef de travaux agrégé] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher with teaching aggregation, with Ph.D.)
• [Maître de Conférences] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher, with Ph.D., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Chef de travaux] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher, with Ph.D.)
• [Chercheur qualifié] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior researcher., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Premier assistant] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (senior research assistant, with Ph.D.)
• [Chargé de recherche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (researcher, typically post.doc., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• [Assistant de recherche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (research assistant)

Administrative ranks

• Recteur (president of university)
• Vice-Recteur
• Doyen (dean, i.e. head of a faculty, elected)
• Président d'institut (director of research institute, elected)
• Vice-Doyen (vice-dean, i.e. head of studies in a faculty)
• Président de département (department head, elected)

Academic ranks

• Profesör(Full professor)
• Doçent, (Associate professor)
• Yardımcı Doçent, (Assistant professor)
• Öğretim Görevlisi, (Lecturer)
• Okutman, (Instructor)
• Araştırma Görevlisi, (Research/teaching assistant)

Administrative ranks

• Rektör, rector or president (professors)
• Rektör Yardımcısı, vice-rector or vice-president (professors)
• Fakülte Dekanı, dean of the faculty (associate professor or above)
• Enstitü müdürü, Director of the institute (assistant professor or above)
• Dekan Yardımcısı, vice-dean or associate dean (associate professor or above)
• Enstitü müdür yardımcısı, Deputy director of the institute (assistant professor or above)
• Bölüm Başkanı, head of department (assistant professor or above)
• Ana Bilim Dalı Başkanı, chair of academic programs (assistant professor or above)

• Titular professor (Professor Titular)
• Associated professor (Professor Asociado)
• Aggregate professor (Professor Agregado)
• Assistant professor (Professor Assistante)
• Instructor (Instructor)

Dedication rank

• Exclusive dedication professor (Professor a Dedicación Exclusiva)
• Full-time professor (Professor a Tiempo Completo)
• Contracted professor (Professor a Tiempo Convencional - academic rank is usually optional)

Administrative ranks (public national)

• University council (Consejo Universitario - Órgano Colegiado)
• Rector or chairman (Rector)
• University secretary or registrar (Secretario)
• Academic vice rector (Vicerrector Académico)
• Administrative vice rector (Vicerrector Administrativo)
  • Faculty council (Concejo de Facultad - Órgano Colegiado)
  • Dean (Decano - one per faculty)
  • Vice-dean (vicedecano - one per faculty - optional)
  • Academic council (Concejo Académico - Órgano Colegiado)
  • Dean's council (Concejo Decanal - Órgano Colegiado)
    • School council (Concejo de Escuela - Órgano Colegiado)
    • Principal (Director - one per school)
    • Vice-principal (Subdirector - one per school - optional)
      • Chief of Departament (Jefe de Departamento)
        • Chief of chair (Jefe de Cátedra)

Other professors

• Professor-researcher (Professor Investigador)
• Researcher (Investigador)
• Retired professor (Professor Retirado)
• Ad honorem professor (Professor Ad Honorem)
• Consultant professor (Professor Consultante)
• Visiting professor (Professor Visitante)
• Emergency teacher (Emergencia Docente)

Auxiliary and Lab assistants

• Auxiliary teacher I (Auxiliar Docente I)
• Auxiliary teacher II (Auxiliar Docente II)
• Auxiliary teacher III (Auxiliar Docente III)
• Auxiliary teacher IV (Auxiliar Docente IV)
• Auxiliary teacher V (Auxiliar Docente V)

• Academic careers by country

Academic ranks worldwide
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