Chelidonium majus: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 19:37, 15 March 2012
| Greater celandine | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Division: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | Chelidonium
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| Species: | C. majus
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| Binomial name | |
| Chelidonium majus | |
Chelidonium majus (greater celandine; in Europe tetterwort, although in America the same name refers to bloodroot) is a herbaceous perennial plant, the only species in the genus Chelidonium. It is native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
While the greater celandine belongs to the poppy family, the lesser celandine belongs to the buttercup family.
Description
Greater celandine has an erect habit, and reaches 30 to 120 cm high. The leaves are lobed and wavy-edged (crenate), 30 cm long. The sap is a yellow to orange latex.
The flowers consist of four yellow petals, each about 1 cm long, with two sepals. A double-flowered variety occurs naturally. The flowers appear from late spring to summer in umbelliform cymes of about 4 flowers.
The seeds are small and black, borne in a long capsule. Each has an elaiosome, which attracts ants to disperse the seeds (myrmecochory).
It is considered an aggressive invasive plant in natural areas (both woods and fields). Control is mainly via pulling or spraying the plant before seed dispersal.
Pharmacology
The whole plant is toxic in moderate doses as it contains a range of isoquinoline alkaloids but there are numerous therapeutic uses when used at the correct dosage.[1] The main alkaloid present in the herb and root is coptisine. Other alkaloids present include methyl 2'-(7,8-dihydrosanguinarine-8-yl)acetate, allocryptopine,[2] stylopine, protopine, norchelidonine, berberine, chelidonine, sanguinarine, chelerythrine,[3] and 8-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine.[4] Sanguinarine is particularly toxic with anl LD50 of 18 mg per kg body weight (IP in rats).[5] Caffeic acid derivatives are also present.
Some alkaloids have shown potential activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.[6]
The effect of the fresh herb is of a mild analgesic, cholagogic, antimicrobial, oncostatic[7][dead link][unreliable source?] and central nervous system sedative.[citation needed] In in vitro experiments on animal cells celandine is shown to be cytostatic.[8] An immune stimulating effect has also been noted.[citation needed] Some studies show that the alkaloid extraction can have the same effects. The alkaloids are known to cause immobilization in mice after being taken orally or injected. The alkaloids cause limpness and tone reduction of smooth muscle in rabbits. The alkaloids are also noted to stimulate the heart and lungs of frogs, cats and dogs, raising the blood pressure and widening the arteries.[citation needed]
The latex could be employed as a caustic for healing small open wounds.[citation needed] Early studies of celandine showed that it causes contact dermatitis and eye irritation, particularly from contact with the poisonous red to yellow latex sap of the stem. This effect has not been observed in animal studies; no inflammation was observed in rabbit eye tests. The latex can leave a non-permanent stain. Stains on skin of the fingers are sometimes reported to cause eye irritation after rubbing the eyes or handling contact lenses. The latex is also known to stain clothes.
The characteristic latex also contains proteolytic enzymes and the phytocystatin chelidostatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor.[9] These co-constituents could explain the topical use of greater celandine against warts and moles.
"Ukrain" (Ukrainian: Україн) is an alternative medicine promoted to treat cancer based on chelidonium. The drug was created in 1978 by the Ukrainian chemist Vasyl Novytskyi. The drug is named in honor of the nation of Ukraine and is produced by an Austrian company Nowicky Pharma.[10]
C. majus has shown analgesic activity at 200 mg/kg dose in mice.[11]
Herbalism
The aerial parts and roots of greater celandine are used in herbalism. The above-ground parts are gathered during the flowering season and dried at high temperatures. The root is harvested in autumn between August and October and dried. The fresh rhizome is also used. Celandine has a hot and bitter taste. The latex has a narcotic fragrance. Preparations are made from alcoholic and hot aqueous extractions (tea). The related plant bloodroot has similar chemical composition and uses as greater celandine.
As far back as Pliny the Elder and Dioscorides (1st century CE) this herb has been recognized as a useful detoxifying agent. The root has been chewed to relieve toothache.[12] It was formerly used by gypsies as a foot refresher; modern herbalists use its purgative properties.[13] Juliette de Bairacli Levy, the Jewish-English herbalist, recommended greater celandine for the eyes, diluted with milk, and the sap to be used for getting rid of warts.[14] Chelidonium was a favourite herb of the French herbalist Maurice Messugue, and in homeopathy the mother tincture, or low potencies, is regarded as a detoxifier of the liver.[citation needed]
Chelidonium majus has traditionally been used for treatment of various inflammatory diseases including atopic dermatitis.[15] It is also traditionally used in the treatment of gallstones and dyspepsia.[16]
Gallery
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Seeds with elaiosomes -
Flower -
Flower
References
- ^ Gruenwald, Joerg (2000). PDR for Herbal Medicines. Thomson PDR. ISBN 1-56363-361-2.
- ^ Cahlikova L., Opletal L., Kurfurst M., Macakova K., Kulhankova A., Host'alkova A.,"Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory compounds from Chelidonium majus (Papaveraceae)." Natural Product Communications. 5 (11) (pp 1751-1754), 2010. Date of Publication: 2010.
- ^ Li X.-L., Yao J.-Y., Zhou Z.-M., Shen J.-Y., Ru H.-S., Liu X.-L.,"Activity of the chelerythrine, a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid from Chelidonium majus L. on Dactylogyrus intermedius." Parasitology Research. 109 (1) (pp 247-252),July 2011
- ^ Park J.E., Cuong T.D., Hung T.M., Lee I., Na M., Kim J.C., Ryoo S., Lee J.H., Choi J.S., Woo M.H., Min B.S.,"Alkaloids from Chelidonium majus and their inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells". Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 21 (23) (pp 6960-6963), 2011. Date of Publication: 01 Dec 2011.
- ^ Golob, Peter (1999). The use of spices and medicinals as bioactive protectants for grains. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin. Vol. 137. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-104294-2. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Zuo G.Y., Meng F.Y., Hao X.Y., Zhang Y.L., Wang G.C., Xu G.L."Antibacterial alkaloids from chelidonium majus linn (papaveraceae) against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques. 11 (4) (pp 90-94), 2008.
- ^ Natural Standard Drug Monograph. http://www.naturalstandard.com/naturalstandard/monographs/monoframeset.asp?monograph=/monographs/herbssupplements/aux3-greatercelandine.asp. Accessed June 16, 2009.
- ^ Nawrot R., Wolun-Cholewa M., Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A."Nucleases isolated from Chelidonium majus L. milky sap can induce apoptosis in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells but not in Chinese Hamster Ovary CHO cells". Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica. 46 (1) (pp 79-83), 2008. Date of Publication: 2008.
- ^ B. Rogelj et al., (1998) Phytochemistry 49 (6): 1645-9. PMID 9862139
- ^ The official site about the drug Ukrain
- ^ Sever Yilmaz B., Ozbek H., Saltan Citoglu G., Ugras S., Bayram I., Erdogan E."Analgesic and hepatoprotective effects of Chelidonium majus" L.. Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi. 36 (1) (pp 9-20), 2007.
- ^ Chevallier, Andrew (1996). The encyclopedia of medicinal plants. New York: DK Publishing. p. 185. ISBN 0-7894-1067-2.
- ^ Howard, Michael (1987-05-21). Traditional Folk Remedies. Century Paperbacks. Ebury Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0712617314.
- ^ Bailes M.., "The Healing Garden" , ISBN 9780731807536
- ^ Gabsik Yang, Kyungjin Lee, Mi-Hwa Lee, So-Hyung Kim, In-Hye Ham, Ho-Young Choi, "Inhibitory effects of Chelidonium majus extract on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 138, Issue 2, 18 November 2011, Pages 398-403, ISSN 0378-8741, 10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.028. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874111006982)
- ^ Mazzanti G., Di Sotto A., Franchitto A., Mammola C.L., Mariani P., Mastrangelo S., Menniti-Ippolito F., Vitalone A. ,"Chelidonium majus is not hepatotoxic in Wistar rats, in a 4 weeks feeding experiment". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 126 (3) (pp 518-524), 10 Dec 2009.
External links
