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==Background==
==Background==
===Timely era===
During what is known as Marvel's [[Timely Comics|Timely era]], Captain America was licensed out to [[Republic Pictures]] for a [[Captain America (serial)|serial]] just for the free advertising. Except they failed to give any drawing of Captain America with his shield or any further background, thus Republic created a whole new background including him having a gun.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mangel|first=Andy|title=Marvel Age|year=December 1990|publisher=Marvel Comics|url=http://www.andymangels.com/marvelage.html|editor=Jim Salicrup|accessdate=5 May 2011|chapter=Reel Marvel|month=December}}</ref>

===Marvel Entertainment Group's initiative===
===Marvel Entertainment Group's initiative===
In the late 1970s up to the early 1990s, [[Marvel Entertainment Group]] (MEG) sold options to studios to produce films based on [[List of Marvel Comics characters|Marvel Comics characters]]. [[Spider-Man]], one of Marvel’s superheroes, was optioned in the late 1970s, and rights reverted back to Marvel in April 1996 without a film having been produced. From 1986 to 1996, most of Marvel’s major characters had been optioned, including the [[Fantastic Four]], [[X-Men]], [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics)|Daredevil]], [[Hulk (comics)|Hulk]], [[Silver Surfer]], and [[Iron Man]].<ref name=division>{{cite news | first=Nancy | last=Hass | title=Marvel sets up division to put its own characters into movies |work=The New York Times | date=11 August 1996 }}</ref> A [[Howard the Duck]] [[Howard the Duck (film)|film]] made to the screen in 1986, but was a [[Box-office bomb|box-office flop]]. With MEG purchased by [[New World Entertainment]], New World moved to produced films based on the Marvel characters, but one movie, [[The Punisher (1989 film)|The Punisher (1989)]], came out of New World before MEG was sold to [[MacAndrews & Forbes#Andrews Group|Andrews Group]]. Two other films were produced: [[Captain America (1990 film)|''Captain America'']] (1990) released in the United Kingdom on screens and direct to video in the United States, and ''[[The Fantastic Four (film)|The Fantastic Four]]'' (1993), not intended for release. Marvel's rival [[DC Comics]], on the other hand, had success licensing its properties [[Superman]] and [[Batman]] into blockbuster films.<ref>{{cite news | first=Peter | last=Hartlaub | title=Cool comic-book films: Golden age on silver screen for Marvel heroes |work=San Francisco Chronicle | date=28 April 2002 }}</ref>
In the late 1970s up to the early 1990s, [[Marvel Entertainment Group]] (MEG) sold options to studios to produce films based on [[List of Marvel Comics characters|Marvel Comics characters]]. [[Spider-Man]], one of Marvel’s superheroes, was optioned in the late 1970s, and rights reverted back to Marvel in April 1996 without a film having been produced. From 1986 to 1996, most of Marvel’s major characters had been optioned, including the [[Fantastic Four]], [[X-Men]], [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics)|Daredevil]], [[Hulk (comics)|Hulk]], [[Silver Surfer]], and [[Iron Man]].<ref name=division>{{cite news | first=Nancy | last=Hass | title=Marvel sets up division to put its own characters into movies |work=The New York Times | date=11 August 1996 }}</ref> A [[Howard the Duck]] [[Howard the Duck (film)|film]] made to the screen in 1986, but was a [[Box-office bomb|box-office flop]]. With MEG purchased by [[New World Entertainment]], New World moved to produced films based on the Marvel characters, but one movie, [[The Punisher (1989 film)|The Punisher (1989)]], came out of New World before MEG was sold to [[MacAndrews & Forbes#Andrews Group|Andrews Group]]. Two other films were produced: [[Captain America (1990 film)|''Captain America'']] (1990) released in the United Kingdom on screens and direct to video in the United States, and ''[[The Fantastic Four (film)|The Fantastic Four]]'' (1993), not intended for release. Marvel's rival [[DC Comics]], on the other hand, had success licensing its properties [[Superman]] and [[Batman]] into blockbuster films.<ref>{{cite news | first=Peter | last=Hartlaub | title=Cool comic-book films: Golden age on silver screen for Marvel heroes |work=San Francisco Chronicle | date=28 April 2002 }}</ref>

Revision as of 17:20, 1 July 2012

Marvel Studios
Company typeSubsidiary of Marvel Entertainment
IndustryEntertainment
GenreMotion Pictures and Television
Founded1993
FounderAvi Arad
ToyBiz
Marvel Entertainment Group
Headquarters
Manhattan Beach, California (2008-present)
,
United States
Key people
Kevin Feige, President of Production
ProductsFilms
ServicesLicensing
Production
ParentMarvel Entertainment Group (1993-1998)
Marvel Enterprises/Marvel Entertainment (1998-present)
DivisionsMarvel Television
SubsidiariesMarvel Animation
MVL Productions LLC
WebsiteMarvel Studios

Marvel Studios, originally Marvel Films (1993-1996), is an American television and motion picture studio based in Manhattan Beach, California. It consists of Marvel Television, Marvel Animation, Marvel Music and MVL Productions. Marvel Studios is a subsidiary of Marvel Entertainment, a self-contained part of the The Walt Disney Company conglomerate.

Since 2008, the studio has released six independently produced films — Iron Man (2008), The Incredible Hulk (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), Thor (2011), Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), and Marvel's The Avengers (2012) — with shared timeline, cast and characters, making up the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

Background

Timely era

During what is known as Marvel's Timely era, Captain America was licensed out to Republic Pictures for a serial just for the free advertising. Except they failed to give any drawing of Captain America with his shield or any further background, thus Republic created a whole new background including him having a gun.[1]

Marvel Entertainment Group's initiative

In the late 1970s up to the early 1990s, Marvel Entertainment Group (MEG) sold options to studios to produce films based on Marvel Comics characters. Spider-Man, one of Marvel’s superheroes, was optioned in the late 1970s, and rights reverted back to Marvel in April 1996 without a film having been produced. From 1986 to 1996, most of Marvel’s major characters had been optioned, including the Fantastic Four, X-Men, Daredevil, Hulk, Silver Surfer, and Iron Man.[2] A Howard the Duck film made to the screen in 1986, but was a box-office flop. With MEG purchased by New World Entertainment, New World moved to produced films based on the Marvel characters, but one movie, The Punisher (1989), came out of New World before MEG was sold to Andrews Group. Two other films were produced: Captain America (1990) released in the United Kingdom on screens and direct to video in the United States, and The Fantastic Four (1993), not intended for release. Marvel's rival DC Comics, on the other hand, had success licensing its properties Superman and Batman into blockbuster films.[3]

History

Marvel Films

Following Marvel Entertainment Group's (MEG) ToyBiz deal in 1993, Avi Arad of ToyBiz, was named President and CEO of Marvel Films division and of New World Family Filmworks, Inc., a New World Entertainment subsidiary. New World was MEG's former parent corporation and later a fellow subsidiary of the Andrews Group.[4] Marvel Productions became New World Animation by 1993 as Marvel would start up Marvel Films including Marvel Films Animation.[4][5][6][7] New World Animation (The Incredible Hulk), Saban (X-Men), and Marvel Films Animation (Spider-Man) each produced a Marvel series for television.[8] It was Marvel Films Animation's only production.[6][7]

New World Animation and Marvel Films Animation were sold along with the rest of New World by Andrews Group to News Corporation/Fox as announced in August 1996. As part of the deal, Marvel licensed the rights to Captain America, Daredevil and Silver Surfer to be on Fox Kids Network and produced by Saban. New World Animation continued producing a second season of The Incredible Hulk for UPN.[8][9]

Marvel Studios

1990s

In August 1996, Marvel decided to create Marvel Studios, an incorporation of Marvel Films, due to the sale of New World Communications Group, Inc., Marvel's fellow Andrews Group subsidiary in film and television stations, to News Corporation/Fox. Filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to raise money to finance the new corporation, Marvel, Isaac Perlmutter's Zib, Inc. and Avi Arad sold Toy Biz stocks, which Marvel had started and took public in February 1995.[2][10] Toy Biz filed an offering of 7.5 million shares with a closing price of $20.125 at the time, making the offering worth approximately $150 million. Toy Biz sought to sell 1 million shares, and Marvel sought to sell 2.5 million shares.[11]

Jerry Calabrese, the president of Marvel Entertainment Group, and Avi Arad, head of Marvel Films and a director of Toy Biz, were assigned tandem control of Marvel Studios. Under Calabrese and Arad, Marvel sought to control pre-production by commissioning scripts, hiring directors, and casting characters, providing the package to a major studio partner for filming and distribution. Arad said of the goal for control, "When you get into business with a big studio, they are developing a hundred or 500 projects; you get totally lost. That isn't working for us. We're just not going to do it anymore. Period."[2] Marvel Studios arranged a seven-year development deal with 20th Century Fox to cover markets in the United States and internationally.[12] In the following December, Marvel Entertainment Group went through a reorganization plan, including Marvel Studios as part of its strategic investment.[13] By 1997, Marvel Studios was actively pursuing various film productions based on Marvel characters, including the eventual films X-Men (2000), Daredevil (2003) and Fantastic Four (2005). Unproduced projects included Prince Namor, based on the character Namor and to be directed by Philip Kaufman, and Mort the Dead Teenager, based on the comic book of the same name and written by John Payson and Mort creator Larry Hama.[14] Marvel was developing a Captain America animated series with Saban Entertainment for Fox Kids Network to premier in fall 1998. However, due to the bankruptcy the series was canceled before the premiere.[8][15][16]

The first film licensed by Marvel Studios was Blade, based on the vampire hunter Blade. The film was directed by Stephen Norrington and starred Wesley Snipes as Blade. It was released on 21 August 1998, grossing $70,087,718 in the United States and Canada and $131,183,530 worldwide.[17] In 1999, Marvel licensed Spider-Man to Sony.[18]

2000s

Blade was followed by X-Men, which was directed by Bryan Singer and was released on 14 July 2000. X-Men grossed $157,299,717 in the United States and Canada and $296,250,053 worldwide.[19] The Marvel films Blade and X-Men demonstrated that blockbuster films could be made out of comic book characters not familiar to the general public.[20]

Leading up to X-Men's release, Marvel Studios negotiated a deal with then-functional Artisan Entertainment, successful with the low-budget The Blair Witch Project, to give the studio rights to 15 Marvel characters including Captain America, Thor, Black Panther, Iron Fist, and Deadpool. With the deal at the time, 24 Marvel properties were then in various stages of development. Brian Cunningham, editor of Wizard comic book magazine, believed that Avi Arad was successful in organizing strategic alliances and exercising fiscal responsibility in multimedia expansion. Cunningham said of Arad’s leadership of the studio following its parent company’s near-bankruptcy, "The fact the X-Men is primed to be the biggest movie of the summer speaks volumes about the turnaround for Marvel. From my observation, he's focused on a lot more in diversifying Marvel, doing things that proliferate Marvel characters in the mainstream." Arad sought to protect Marvel’s image by serving as executive producer in all Marvel film productions and being responsible for crossover marketing between Marvel properties. Arad had properties set up at different studios to create momentum so one studio would not cannibalize efforts with one property for the sake of another.[21] By 2001, the success of Marvel Entertainment’s Ultimate Marvel comics created leverage in Hollywood for Marvel Studios, pushing more properties into development.[22]

The next blockbuster film licensed from Marvel Studios was Spider-Man by Columbia Pictures, directed by Sam Raimi and starring Tobey Maguire as Spider-Man. The film was released on 3 May 2002, grossing $403,706,375 in the United States and Canada and $821,708,551 worldwide.[23] The early success of Spider-Man led the film's studio to issue a seven-figure advance for a sequel. Arad spoke of the deal, "Movies make sequels. Therefore, it's a big economic luxury to know that a movie's going to get a second and third. This is a business of precedence."[24] According to a Lehman Brothers analysis, the Studios' made only $62 million for the first 2 Spider-man movies.[18]

In producing Marvel films in the 2000s, Avi Arad sought to capture the superheroes’ internal conflicts. According to The New York Times, "Mr. Arad's great accomplishment – and it is one, given the difficulties in transferring any kind of printed material to the big screen – is conveying what makes those heroes tick as characters... He works with the filmmakers to ensure that the heroes are conflicted, the villains motivated, the outcome shaded." In contrast to the original storylines of DC Comics’ Superman and Batman films, Marvel films were more directly inspired by their comics, copying from them set pieces, scenes, plots, and dialogue.[20]

Partnering with Lionsgate Entertainment in 2004, Marvel Studios plan to enter the direct-to-DVD market with eight animated films with Lionsgate handling distribution.[25][26] Eric Rollman was hired by Marvel as Executive Vice President, Home Entertainment & TV Production for Marvel Studios to oversee the deal with Lionsgate.[27]

In 2004, David Maisel was hired as chief operating officer of Marvel Studio as he had a plan for the Studios to self-finance movies.[28] Marvel entered into a non-recourse financing structure with Merrill Lynch Commercial Finance Corp. that is collateralized by certain movie rights to a total of 10 characters from Marvel's vast vault. Marvel gets $525 million to make a maximum of 10 movies based on the company's properties over eight years, according to the parameters of the original deal with Paramount Pictures in September 2004. Those characters were: Ant-Man, The Avengers, Black Panther, Captain America, Cloak & Dagger, Doctor Strange, Hawkeye, Nick Fury, Power Pack, Shang-Chi.[29][30] Ambac insurance company insured the movies would succeed or they would pay the interest payment on the debt and get the movie rights collateral.[18] In October 2005, Michael Helfant joined the Studio as President and Chief Operating Officer.[31] In November 2005, Marvel gained the film rights to Iron Man from New Line Cinema. Marvel revealed that it has regained the film rights to The Incredible Hulk in 2006. April 2006 Paramount Pictures acquired the rights to Thor from Sony. That year the film was announced to be a Marvel Studios production. Lions Gate Entertainment subsequently dropped the Black Widow motion picture project it had since 2004 giving the rights back to Marvel.[32] Masiel and Arad fought over the rate of movie releases and strength of characters in the movie line up. Perlmutter supported Masiel thus in May 2006 Arad quit as Studio chair and CEO.[28] In March 2007, David Maisel was named Chairman[28] and Kevin Feige was named President of Production as Iron Man began filming.[33]

In 2008, Marvel Studios signed a lease with Raleigh Studios to host its headquarters and production offices and film the next four movies on the studios’ slate, including Iron Man 2 and Thor, at their Manhattan Beach facilities.[34] In January 2008, Marvel Animation was incorporated in January 2008 to direct Marvel's efforts in animation and home entertainment markets including then animation efforts with Lionsgate and Nickelodeon. Marvel Entertainment named Eric Rollman as President of the company in April 2008.[27]

In 2009, Marvel attempted to hire a team of writers to help come up with creative ways to launch its lesser-known properties, such as Black Panther, Cable, Iron Fist, Nighthawk, and Vision.[35]

On 31 December 2009, The Walt Disney Company purchased Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion. Both Marvel and Disney have stated that the merger would not affect any preexisting deals with other film studios for the time being,[36] although Disney said they will consider distributing future Marvel projects with their own studios once the current deals expire.[37]

2010s

On October 18, 2011, Disney bought the distribution rights for The Avengers and Iron Man 3 from Paramount Pictures.[38] However, as part of the deal, Paramount's logo will still be used in the promotion marketing and trailers for both films.[39]

In June 2010, Marvel Studios set up a television division, headed up by Jeph Loeb as Executive Vice President,[40] under which Marvel Animation will be operated.[41]

On 22 August 2011 at Disney's behest, the Studio laid off most of its marketing department: Dana Precious, EVP of Worldwide Marketing; Jeffrey Stewart, VP of Worldwide Marketing and Jodi Miller, Manager of Worldwide Marketing. Disney will now market Marvel's films.[42]

Marvel Knights

See also: Marvel Knights

Named after corporate sibling Marvel Comics' imprint of the same name, Marvel Knights is also the name given to a production arm of Marvel Studios intended to be used to produce some of Marvel's darker and lesser known titles. The first film produced under the Marvel Knights banner was Punisher: War Zone, the 2008 release that rebooted the Punisher franchise. In 2012, Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance was the second title to be released under that banner.[43]

Executives

  • Avi Arad,
    • Marvel Films President and CEO, 1993-August 1996
    • Marvel Studios Chairman and CEO August 1998-May 2006
  • Jerry Calabrese
  • David Maisel
    • chief operating officer, 2004- September 2005[31]
    • Chairman and CEO, March 2007-2010
  • Michael Helfant, President and Chief Operating Officer, October 2005[31]
  • Kevin Feige, President of Production, March 2007-

Units

Production library

TV series

Animated

Marvel Films
Year(s) Series Production Distributor Original
Network
1994–1998 Spider-Man: The Animated Series Marvel Films Animation /Saban New World Communications Fox Kids
1992–1997 X-Men Saban Productions Saban Productions Fox Kids
1996–1997 The Incredible Hulk New World Animation Saban Productions UPN
1994–1996 Fantastic Four New World Animation & Wang Films New World Communications First-run
syndication
Iron Man New World Animation & Rainbow Animation Group & Koko

[4][5][6][7][8]

Marvel Studios
Year(s) Series Production Distributor Original
Network
1998 Silver Surfer Saban Entertainment Saban Fox Kids
1999–2001 Spider-Man Unlimited Saban International Saban Fox Kids
1999–2000 The Avengers: United They Stand Saban International Saban Fox Kids

Live action

For curent activities see: Marvel Television
Series Aired Production Distributor Original
Network
Mutant X 6 October 2001 – 17 May 2004 Fireworks Entertainment
Tribune Entertainment
Marvel Studios 		Marvel Enterprise
CanWest Global Communications 		First-run
syndication
Blade: The Series 28 June 2006 – 13 September 2006 Phantom Four
New Line Television 		Marvel Entertainment Spike

Film

Co-productions

Year Film Director Distributor Budget Gross
1998 Blade Stephen Norrington New Line Cinema $45 million $131,183,530
2000 X-Men Bryan Singer 20th Century Fox $75 million $296,339,527
2002 Blade II Guillermo del Toro New Line Cinema $54 million $155,010,032
Spider-Man Sam Raimi Columbia Pictures $140 million $821,708,551
2003 Daredevil Mark Steven Johnson 20th Century Fox $78 million $179,179,718
X2: X-Men United Bryan Singer $110 million $407,711,549
Hulk Ang Lee Universal Pictures $137 million $245,360,480
2004 The Punisher Jonathan Hensleigh Artisan Entertainment
Lionsgate 		$15.5 million $54,700,105
Spider-Man 2 Sam Raimi Columbia Pictures $200 million $783,766,341
Blade: Trinity David S. Goyer New Line Cinema $65 million $128,905,366
2005 Elektra Rob Bowman 20th Century Fox $43 million $56,681,566
Man-Thing Brett Leonard Lionsgate
Fantastic Four Tim Story 20th Century Fox $100 million $330,579,719
2006 X-Men: The Last Stand Brett Ratner $210 million $459,359,555
2007 Ghost Rider Mark Steven Johnson Columbia Pictures $110 million $228,738,393
Spider-Man 3 Sam Raimi $258 million $890,871,626
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer Tim Story 20th Century Fox $130 million $289,047,763
2008 Punisher: War Zone Lexi Alexander Lionsgate $35 million $10,100,036
2009 X-Men Origins: Wolverine Gavin Hood 20th Century Fox $150 million $373,062,864
2011 X-Men: First Class Matthew Vaughn $140–160 million $353,624,124
2012 Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor Columbia Pictures $57 million $122,299,048
2012 The Amazing Spider-Man Marc Webb $220 million $50,200,000
In Development Budget Gross
2013 The Wolverine James Mangold 20th Century Fox
2014 The Amazing Spider-Man 2   Columbia Pictures
X-Men: First Class 2   20th Century Fox

MVL Productions LLC

See also: Marvel Cinematic Universe
Year Film Directed by Written by Distributed by Budget Gross
2008 Iron Man Jon Favreau Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby & Art Marcum and Matt Holloway Paramount Pictures $140 million $585,174,222
The Incredible Hulk Louis Leterrier Zak Penn Universal Pictures $150 million $263,427,551
2010 Iron Man 2 Jon Favreau Justin Theroux Paramount Pictures $200 million $623,933,331
2011 Thor Kenneth Branagh Screenplay by
Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz & Don Payne
Story by
J. Michael Straczynski and Mark Protosevich 		$150 million $449,300,000
Captain America: The First Avenger Joe Johnston Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely $140 million $368,608,363
2012 The Avengers Joss Whedon Screenplay by
Joss Whedon
Story by
Zak Penn and Joss Whedon 		Walt Disney Pictures $220 million $1,447,398,000
In Production Budget Gross
2013 Iron Man 3 (filming) Shane Black Shane Black and Drew Pearce Walt Disney Pictures $200 million
In Development Budget Gross
2013 Thor 2 (pre-production) Alan Taylor Don Payne and Robert Rodat Walt Disney Pictures [47][48]
2014 Captain America 2 Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely

See also

References

  1. ^ Mangel, Andy (December 1990). "Reel Marvel". In Jim Salicrup (ed.). Marvel Age. Marvel Comics. Retrieved 5 May 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b c Hass, Nancy (11 August 1996). "Marvel sets up division to put its own characters into movies". The New York Times.
  3. ^ Hartlaub, Peter (28 April 2002). "Cool comic-book films: Golden age on silver screen for Marvel heroes". San Francisco Chronicle.
  4. ^ a b c "MARVEL ENTERTAINMENT AND AVI ARAD TO DEVELOP MEDIA PROJECTS". The Free Library.com. Farlex, Inc. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
  5. ^ a b Hicks, Jonathan P. (8 November 1988). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS; Marvel Comic Book Unit Being Sold for $82.5 million". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
  6. ^ a b c "John Semper on "Spider-Man": 10th Anniversary Interview". Marvel Animation Age. toonzone.net. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  7. ^ a b c Cawley, John. "Marvel Films Animation 1993–1997". Home of John Cawley. John Cawley. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  8. ^ a b c d Goldman, Michael. "Stan Lee: Comic Guru". Animation World Magazine. Animation World Network. Retrieved 5 May 2011. Cite error: The named reference "awn" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ "August Issue News Section:". Animation World Magazine. August 1996. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
  10. ^ "Toy Biz, Inc. Prospectus". NYSE.com. New York Stock Exchange. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  11. ^ "Marvel plans TV, movies for characters". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. 3 July 1996.
  12. ^ Benezra, Karen (8 July 1996). "Marvel wants to be a movie mogul". MediaWeek. 6 (28). VNU eMedia, Inc.
  13. ^ Kramer, Farrell (28 December 1996). "Marvel, maker of sports cards, comics, files for bankruptcy". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. The McClatchy Company.
  14. ^ Evenson, Laura (18 May 1997). "Comics' Superpower To Turn Season's Movies Into Box-Office Gold". San Francisco Chronicle.
  15. ^ "The Captain America Cartoon That Never Was". The Daily Backstabber. ComicBookMovie.com. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  16. ^ "Captain America "Skullhenge"". Animation. Steve Engelhart. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  17. ^ "Blade (1998)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
  18. ^ a b c "Calling all superheroes". Fortune. 23 May 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  19. ^ "X-Men (2000)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
  20. ^ a b Levine, Robert (27 June 2004). "Does Whatever a Spider (and a C.E.O.) Can". The New York Times.
  21. ^ Elder, Robert K (16 July 2000). "Superheroes go Hollywood". The Dallas Morning News. A. H. Belo.
  22. ^ Massari, Paul (2 December 2001). "Marvel's superheroes fight their way back from comic disaster". The Boston Globe.
  23. ^ "Spider-Man (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
  24. ^ Phan, Monty (7 May 2002). "$114M – What a ' Marvel -ous' Start". Newsday.
  25. ^ "Marvel Enters Burgeoning Made-for-DVD Market Segment Through Landmark Deal with Lions Gate Entertainment". Business Wire. 25 May 2004. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  26. ^ Harvey, James. "Direct-To-Video "Marvel Animated Features" Line Plans For Future Releases". Marvel Animation Age. toonzone.net. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  27. ^ a b "Marvel Promotes Eric Rollman To President, Marvel Animation". AWN Headline News. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  28. ^ a b c Leonard, Devin (23 May 2007). "Marvel goes Hollywood". Fortune. p. 2. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  29. ^ Vincent, Roger (6 September 2005). "Marvel to Make Movies Based on Comic Books". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  30. ^ "Marvel Launches Independent Film Slate". superherohype.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  31. ^ a b c "Exec makes Marvel move - Entertainment News, Exec Shuffle, Media". Variety. 1 November 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  32. ^ IGN.com (5 June 2006): "The Word on Black Widow"
  33. ^ "Marvel Entertainment Names David Maisel as Chairman, Marvel Studios and Kevin Feige as President..." Business Wire. AllBusiness.com, Inc. 13 March 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
  34. ^ "Marvel signs long-term lease with Raleigh". Hollywood Reporter. 6 October 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008. [dead link]
  35. ^ Marc Graser (26 March 2009). "Marvel's hiring writers". Variety. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
  36. ^ Vejvoda, Jim (31 August 2009). "The Disney/Marvel Deal: What It Means for Movies". Ign.com. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  37. ^ Fixmer, Andy; Sarah Rabil (1 September 2009). "Disney's Marvel Buy Traps Hollywood in Spider-Man Web (Update2)". Bloomberg. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  38. ^ Kim Masters (18 October 2010). "Disney to Distribute Marvel's 'The Avengers,' 'Iron Man 3'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  39. ^ Graser, Marc (11 October 2011). "Why Par, not Disney, gets 'Avengers' credit". Variety. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ "Marvel Entertainment Launches TV Division". deadline.com. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  41. ^ Phegley, Kiel (2 July 2010). "Jeph Loeb Talks Marvel TV". comicbookresources.com. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  42. ^ Finke, NIikki (23 August 2011). "Disney Fires Marvel's Marketing Department". Deadline.com. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  43. ^ Superhero Showdown 2012 – Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance vs. The Avengers vs. The Amazing Spider-Man vs. The Dark Knight Rises
  44. ^ DeMott, Rick (3 December 2007). "Ratatouille Cooks Up Most Annie Nominations". AWN News. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  45. ^ "MARVEL ANIMATION: THE FUTURE". Comics Continuum. Comics Continuum. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  46. ^ "Marvel Anime to Run on G4 in the United States". Anime News Network. 23 July 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  47. ^ "Marvel And Disney Setting 'Thor 2' For Summer 2013; Chris Hemsworth's Back But Kenneth Branagh Won't Return". Deadline New York. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  48. ^ Kilday, Gregg (5 April 2012). "'Captain America: First Avenger' Sequel Release Date Set". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
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