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==== Attempts to remove Castillo ====
{{See also|2021 Peruvian general election#Overturn attempts|Pedro Castillo#Removal attempts}}{{quote box
| quote = The election will be flipped, dear friends.
| author = —Keiko Fujimori<ref name=":31"/>
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Multiple attempts to prevent Castillo from the entering the office of the presidency or to later remove him occurred, beginning shortly after election results were determined. Following reports of Castillo's apparent victory, Fujimori and her supporters made claims of [[electoral fraud]], leading [[obstructionist]] efforts to overturn the election with support of citizens in Lima.{{sfn|Asensio|Camacho|González|Grompone|2021|pp=69-71}}<ref name=":37">{{cite web |date=8 June 2021 |title=Claves del supuesto "fraude sistemático" denunciado por Keiko Fujimori |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/per%C3%BA-elecciones_claves-del-supuesto--fraude-sistem%C3%A1tico--denunciado-por-keiko-fujimori/46688860 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=Swissinfo |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":31">{{cite web |date=20 June 2021 |title=Peru: Fujimori cries electoral fraud – and unleashes torrent of racism |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/20/peru-elite-election-pedro-castillo-keiko-fujimori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622045604/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/20/peru-elite-election-pedro-castillo-keiko-fujimori |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":272">{{cite web |last1=Collyns |first1=Dan |date=8 June 2021 |title=Peru elections: Fujimori's fraud claims criticised as rival's narrow lead widens |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/08/keiko-fujimori-claims-irregularities-peru-presidential-election-pedro-castillo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608042309/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/08/keiko-fujimori-claims-irregularities-peru-presidential-election-pedro-castillo |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=8 June 2021 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=":352">{{cite news |title=With election fraud claims, Peru's Keiko Fujimori takes a page from the Trump playbook. She's not alone. |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/06/16/trump-playbook-peru-democracy/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621072244/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/06/16/trump-playbook-peru-democracy/ |archive-date=21 June 2021 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":29">{{cite news |last=Applebaum |first=Anne |date=17 June 2021 |title=Democracy Is Surprisingly Easy to Undermine |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/06/trump-fraud-stop-steal-copycats/619226/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620121009/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/06/trump-fraud-stop-steal-copycats/619226/ |archive-date=20 June 2021}}</ref> Many business groups and politicians refused to recognize Castillo's ascent to the presidency,{{sfn|Asensio|Camacho|González|Grompone|2021|pp=27–71}} with those among the more affluent, including former military officers and wealthy families, demanded new elections, promoted calls for a [[military coup]], and utilized rhetoric to support their allegations of fraud.<ref name=":37"/>
In October 2021, the website ''El Foco'' released recordings revealing that leaders of the manufacturing employers' organization [[National Society of Industries (Peru)|National Society of Industries]], the leader of the Union of Multimodal Transport Guilds of Peru (UGTRANM), Geovani Rafael Diez Villegas, political leaders, and other business executives planned various actions, including funding transportation strikes in November 2021, to destabilize the Castillo government and prompt his removal.<ref>Castillo, Maria Elena (24 October 2021).[https://larepublica.pe/politica/2021/10/20/sociedad-nacional-de-industrias-empresarios-coordinan-acciones-contra-pedro-castillo-vacancia-presidencial/ Empresarios tranzan acciones contra Pedro Castillo] ''[[La República]]''. Retrieved 24 November 2021.</ref><ref name=":33">{{Cite news |last=Cabral |first=Ernesto |date=12 January 2021 |title=Militares en retiro con discursos extremistas se vinculan a políticos para apoyar la vacancia |url=https://ojo-publico.com/3207/militares-en-retiro-discursos-extremistas-y-apoyo-politico |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=[[OjoPúblico]] |language=es}}</ref> Far-right groups of former soldiers also allied with political parties like [[Go on Country – Social Integration Party]], [[Popular Force]], and [[Popular Renewal]] in an effort to remove Castillo, with some veteran leaders seen directly with [[Rafael López Aliaga]] and Castillo's former presidential challenger [[Keiko Fujimori]], who signed the ''[[Madrid Charter]]'' promoted by the Spanish far-right political party [[Vox (political party)|Vox]].<ref name=":33" /> These groups directed threats towards Castillo government officials and journalists, whilst also calling for a coup d'état and [[insurgency]].<ref name=":33" />
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