Abstract
The insects were one of the first groups whose relationships were investigated using the theory and methods of phylogenetic systematics. Today, almost 50 years after Hennig’s first consideration of insect phytogeny, it might be expected that the relationships among the major insect groups would be clear. Figure 20.1 shows these relationships as currently accepted by many entomologists. With only a few alterations, this is almost the same view as was held by Hennig in 1953, a view that was largely derived from comparative morphological analyses, for example by Weber (1933) and Snodgrass (1935 and subsequent papers). However, the fact that it has prevailed over decades does not imply that it is well-founded. The cladogram (Figure 20.1) shows numerous doubtful or weakly supported sister group relationships.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Birket-Smith, S.J. (1974) On the abdominal morphology of Thysanura (Archaeognatha and Thysanura s. str.). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 6, 1–67.
Carpenter, F.M. (1935) The Lower Permian insects of Kansas. Part 7. The order Protoperlaria. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 70, 103–46.
Carpenter, F.M. (1963) Studies of Carboniferous insects from Commentry, France. Part V. The genus Diaphanoptera and the order Diaphanopterodea. Psyche, 70, 240–56.
Carpenter, F.M. (1992) Superclass Hexapoda, in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part R, Arthropoda 4, Volumes 3 and 4. Boulder, Colorado and Lawrence, Kansas.
Cisne, J. (1975) Anatomy of Triarthrus and the relationships of the Trilobita. Palaeontographica Americana, 9, 99–142.
Hennig, W. (1953) Kritische Bemerkungen zum phylogenetischen System der Insekten. Beiträge zur Entomologie, 3, Sonderheft, 1–85.
Hennig, W. (1969) Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten, Verlag W. Kramer, Frankfurt.
Hennig, W. (1981) Insect Phylogeny, J. Wiley and Sons, New York.
Hennig, W. (1986) Wirbellose II. Gliedertiere, Harri Deutsch Verlag, Thun, Frankfurt.
Janetschek, H. (1957) Über die mögliche phylogenetische Reversion eines Merkmals bei Felsenspringern mit einigen Bemerkungen über die Natur der Styli der Thysanuren (Ins.). Broteria, 26, 1–22.
Klass, K.-D. (1995) Die Phylogenie der Dictyoptera, Cuvillier Verlag, Göttingen.
Kristensen, N. (1991) Phylogeny of extant hexapods, in The Insects of Australia, I. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, pp. 125–40.
Kristensen, N. (1995) Forty years insect phylogenetic systematics. Hennig’s ‘Kritische Bemerkungen…’ and subsequent developments. Zoologische Beiträge NF, 36, 83–124.
Kukalová-Peck, J. (1983) Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan leg. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61, 1618–69.
Kukalová-Peck, J. (1985) Ephemeroid wing venation based upon new gigantic Carboniferous mayflies and basic morphology, phylogeny, and metamorphosis of pterygote insects (Insecta, Ephemerida). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63, 933–55.
Kukalová-Peck, J. (1987) New Carboniferous Diplura, Monura, and Thysanura, the hexapod groundplan, and the role of thoracic lobe in the origin of wings (Insecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 2327–45.
Kukalová-Peck, J. (1991) Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures, in The Insects of Australia, I, Canberra, pp. 141–79.
Kukalová-Peck, J. (1992) The ‘Uniramia’ do not exist: the ground-plan of the Pterygota as revealed by Permian Diaphanopterodea from Russia (Insecta: Paleodictyopteroidea). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 236–55.
Kukalová-Peck, J. and Willmann, R. (1990) Lower Permian ‘mecopteroid-like’ insects from central Europe (Insecta, Endopterygota). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 27, 459–68.
Manton, S.M. (1977) The Arthropoda. Habits, Functional Morphology and Evolution, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Martynov, A. (1925) Über zwei Grundtypen der Flügel bei Insecten und ihre Evolution. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere, 4, 465–501.
Matsuda, R. (1976) Morphology and Evolution of the Insect Abdomen, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Müller, K.J. and Walossek, D. (1987) Morphology, ontogeny, and life habit of Agnostus pisiformis from the Upper Cambrian of Sweden. Fossils and Strata, 19, 1–124.
Sinitshenkova, N.D. (1987) Istoricheskoe Razvitie Vesnyanok. Trudy Paleontologicheskii Instituta, 221, 127–36.
Smith, E.L. (1969) Evolutionary morphology of external insect genitalia. 1. Origin and relationships to other appendages. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 1051–79.
Smith, E.L. (1970) Biology and structure of some California bristletail and silverfish. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 46, 212–25.
Snodgrass, R. (1931) Morphology of the insect abdomen. Part I. General structure of the abdomen and its appendages. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 85(6), 1–127.
Snodgrass, R. (1935) Principles of Insect Morphology, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Snodgrass, R. (1941) The male genitalia of Hymenoptera. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 99(14), 1–86.
Tillyard, R.J. (1928) Kansas Permian insects. Part 10. The new order Protoperlaria. American Journal of Science, 216, 185–220.
Tillyard, R.J. (1932) Kansas Permian insects. Part 15. The order Plectoptera. American Journal of Science, 223, 97–134
Tillyard, R.J. (1932) Kansas Permian insects. Part 15. The order Plectoptera. American Journal of Science, 223, 237–72.
Walossek, D. (1993) The upper Cambrian Rehbachiella and the phylogeny of Branchiopoda and Crustacea. Fossils and Strata, 32, 1–202.
Walossek, D. and Müller, K.J. (1990) Upper Cambrian stem-lineage crustaceans and their bearing upon the monophyly of Crustacea and the position of Agnostus. Lethaia, 23, 409–27.
Weber, H. (1933) Lehrbuch der Entomologie, G. Fischer Verlag, Jena.
Weidner, H. (1982) Morphologie, Anatomie und Histologie. Handbuch der Zoologie IV: Arthropoda (2) Insecta 1/11. Berlin.
Willmann, R. (1989) Evolution und phylogenetisches System der Mecoptera (Insecta: Holometabola). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 544, 1–153.
Willmann, R. Phylogeny and the consequences of phylogenetic systematics, in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Ephemeroptera and the 12th International Conference on Plecoptera, Lausanne, 1995 (eds P. Landolt and M. Sartori) (in press).
Zwick, P. (1980) Plecoptera (Steinfliegen). Handbuch der Zoologie, IV, Insecta 26, Berlin.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Willmann, R. (1998). Advances and problems in insect phylogeny. In: Fortey, R.A., Thomas, R.H. (eds) Arthropod Relationships. The Systematics Association Special Volume Series, vol 55. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4904-4_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4904-4_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6057-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4904-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive