This document is the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended through 2002. It establishes the goals and policies for maintaining and restoring water quality in the United States, including eliminating pollution discharges by 1985 where possible. It tasks the EPA Administrator with developing comprehensive water pollution prevention programs in cooperation with states and other groups. It also provides for research, data collection, and training to advance the goals of eliminating water pollution.
The document discusses Darcy's law, which describes groundwater flow through porous media. It establishes that flow rate is proportional to hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic gradient. Darcy's law allows estimating flow velocity and travel time. The document also covers applications of Darcy's law, including describing saturated groundwater flow using partial differential equations and modeling steady state radial flow to a well.
This document discusses stream restoration and provides guidance on key considerations. It defines restoration as returning a stream to a healthy, functional state. The order of restoration priorities are listed as protect, maintain, restore, and enhance. Successful restoration requires understanding the natural complexity and dynamics of stream systems as well as meeting objectives for stability, function, and accommodation of changes over time. Careful data collection and analysis of hydrology, sediment transport, and geomorphology are crucial to restoration design. Implementation requires attention to construction techniques, habitat enhancements, and transitioning restored areas.
1. Current meters measure the velocity of fluid flow using various mechanical, electrical, or optical methods.
2. The most commonly used current meters for irrigation and watershed measurements are anemometer and propeller types, which measure velocity using rotating cups or propellers.
3. However, electromagnetic current meters that produce voltage proportional to flow velocity are also widely used, especially by water districts, as they provide direct analog readings without moving parts.
The document provides an overview of the key concepts and principles covered in a Drainage Engineering syllabus. It discusses Darcy's law and the fundamental equations governing groundwater flow. It also addresses topics like waterlogging, salinity, drainage system design, land reclamation, canal lining, and cross drainage structures. Major drainage projects in Pakistan are also introduced. Recommended textbooks on drainage and irrigation engineering are listed.
The hydrological cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface. It involves evaporation of water from oceans, rivers, and land into water vapor in the atmosphere, followed by condensation of water vapor into clouds and precipitation as rain or snow back onto land and oceans, where some infiltrates soil and becomes groundwater, and some runs off into rivers and lakes or returns to the oceans, completing the cycle. The major processes are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff, driven primarily by energy from the sun.
The document summarizes the Perth Seawater Desalination Plant in Western Australia. Some key details:
- The plant has a capacity of 144 megalitres per day and cost $317 million. It uses seawater reverse osmosis technology and has a specific energy consumption of 3.59 kWh/cubic meter.
- The plant sources seawater through an intake system and screens before dual media filtration, cartridge filters and a two-pass RO system. Energy recovery devices are used.
- Extensive monitoring shows the brine outlet has negligible environmental impacts due to validated diffuser design and suspended solids treatment. The plant helps drought-proof the city.
Water sampling , procedure, purpose , techniques and equipmentsMir Zafarullah
Water sampling involves collecting representative portions of water for analysis. The document discusses the purpose, procedures, techniques and equipment used for water sampling. Specifically, it aims to observe changes in water quality over time. Proper procedures include rinsing sampling vessels and collecting data on temperature and pH. Common sampling techniques include systematic, random, judgmental and stratified methods. A variety of surface water and groundwater sampling equipment is also described, such as buckets, scoops, bailers and submersible pumps.
The document discusses water balance analysis and provides an overview of key concepts related to the hydrologic cycle and water balance. It defines water balance as calculating total precipitation input and outputs for an area. The hydrologic cycle and water balance principles are then applied to discuss the unsaturated zone, including soil moisture storage, infiltration, and subsurface water flow. Key terms like field capacity, wilting point, and available soil moisture are explained in the context of the unsaturated zone water balance.
This document discusses various concepts related to water resource engineering. It covers topics like precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation and evapotranspiration. It describes different methods to measure these parameters, like using infiltration tests, pan evaporation, empirical equations and water or energy budget methods. Factors affecting each process are also listed. Various formulas to calculate runoff, evaporation and infiltration rate are presented.
Presentation on Implementation of Coastal Regulation Zone Notification dtd.19...Ecotist
Described in detail the multiple challenges of implementing the CRZ regulations. He discussed how a wide gamut of issues such as fishing, industrial pollution, illegal construction and mangrove destruction were faced and many of which were pending. He concluded by comparing CRZ and Maharashtra state RRZ notification.
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) hydrological model. It begins with an introduction to hydrological modeling and the development and utilities of the SWAT model. It describes the data requirements, model framework, and step-by-step procedure to run the model. A case study applying the SWAT model to the Simly Dam watershed in Pakistan is summarized. The limitations and future developments of the SWAT model are briefly discussed, followed by references.
Surface Water and Groundwater InteractionC. P. Kumar
The document discusses various aspects of planning and managing surface water and groundwater interaction and integration. It begins with an introduction on the hydrologic cycle and the impacts of human development on groundwater and the environment. It then covers topics like surface water and groundwater interaction, groundwater contamination from urbanization, industrial activity, mining and agriculture, environmental flows, groundwater over-abstraction, and challenges in groundwater-surface water modeling. The presentation aims to highlight the importance of understanding the linkages between groundwater and surface water for effective management of water resources.
Environmental Impact Assessment is a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse.
Here you will find brief description about water sampling. actually it's so important to examine the water we use our daily life in order to avoid negative impact of water.
Desalination is a process that removes salt and other minerals from seawater or brackish water to produce fresh water that is suitable for human consumption and irrigation. It involves various techniques such as reverse osmosis, thermal desalination, and electrodialysis. While desalination helps address water scarcity issues and is an important source of freshwater for over 300 million people worldwide, it also has disadvantages like high energy usage, production of toxic byproducts, and costliness. The largest desalination plant is located in Saudi Arabia while India's largest plant is in Minjur, Tamil Nadu.
Hydrology and water resources engineering.vivek gami
This document provides an overview of hydrology topics including evaporation, evapotranspiration, and infiltration. It defines these processes and lists key factors that influence each one. Evaporation is the process where water is converted to vapor and returns to the atmosphere. Evapotranspiration is the combination of evaporation and plant transpiration. Infiltration is the downward flow of water into soil from the land surface. The document discusses methods of measuring these hydrologic processes and factors like temperature, soil type, and rainfall intensity that impact infiltration rates.
The document discusses generating world-class digital engagement ideas. It provides three examples of engagement ideas, including a restaurant marketing campaign, a documentary, and a crisps brand campaign. It then outlines common characteristics like authentic stories and behavior change. The document also details a case study called "De Jungle Kids" where children helped design a new water attraction. Key aspects of developing engagement ideas are an involved client, using digital as a core part, equal collaboration, workshop sessions, a phased approach, and expansion through additional tactics.
Developing a Social Media Engagement Measurement FrameworkEdmund Wong
I presented this case study at Search Engine Strategies (SES) San Jose on August, 20, 2008, on a Social Media Analysis and Tracking panel.
This introduces a measurement framework and key learnings from a user forum engagement program I developed for a high tech client.
The document is a letter from Edison Electric Institute to the Secretary of Energy outlining the electric power industry's voluntary commitment to reduce greenhouse gas intensity. It proposes that the industry will work to reduce carbon intensity equivalent to 3-5% over the next decade through individual company actions and coordinated initiatives. These would include expanding natural gas, nuclear and renewable energy as well as energy efficiency and carbon sequestration projects. The letter requests government policy support to enable these reductions.
This document discusses various topics in a disorganized manner, moving between different subjects without clear transitions. It mentions topics like AAA, A's, numbers, and symbols with no obvious overall meaning or purpose. The writing is challenging to follow and decipher.
This document proposes a project to implement By-Product Synergy (BPS) in New Jersey. BPS aims to reduce waste and pollution by identifying opportunities for one company's byproducts to be used as resources by other companies. The project will involve organizing companies to discover such synergies. The Center for Clean Air Policy seeks funding to estimate emissions reductions from implemented BPS projects in New Jersey. The project would begin in June and involve six phases over multiple years to identify synergies, recruit companies, analyze data, implement projects, and monitor benefits including reduced emissions.
This document discusses several issues related to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) negotiations on the Third Assessment Report:
1. It outlines recommendations for restructuring the US attendance at upcoming IPCC meetings to replace representatives from the Clinton/Gore administration with scientists skeptical of climate change risks.
2. It raises issues with deferring portions of the Third Assessment Report to allow more input from the new Bush Administration on the reports and conclusions.
3. It discusses disagreements between climate model projections of increased tropospheric warming and satellite temperature data showing less warming than surface temperatures, calling the ability to correctly model tropospheric temperature changes critically important.
The document summarizes a review of over 200 climate studies that determined:
1) The 20th century was neither the warmest nor had the most extreme weather of the past 1000 years.
2) The Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300AD and Little Ice Age from 1300-1900AD occurred globally, not just in Europe/North America.
3) Many areas saw greater warmth during the Medieval Warm Period than the 20th century.
The document welcomes new members to the Bloody Empire guild and lists the names of various members. It apologizes to new members that may not have appeared and thanks people for watching a video edited by Dark Flame Aaron with music by Dragon Force.
The document discusses Daetec's experience with temporary adhesives for thin substrate handling and backside processing. Daetec provides product development and consulting services, with a focus on coatings and cleaning products. Their business model involves formulating commercially available ingredients into new products or processes. They work with materials and equipment suppliers as well as end users in manufacturing. Daetec helps clients with concept development, prototyping, commercialization, and technology transfer.
This document summarizes the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, which established policies for the protection of the environment. It created the Council on Environmental Quality within the Executive Office of the President to help agencies assess environmental impacts of federal actions and ensure environmental policies are followed. It also requires federal agencies to consider environmental impacts in their planning and decision making processes and provide environmental impact statements for major federal actions.
The President’s Speech in Cairo: A New Beginning - PashtoObama White House
President Obama’s speech in Cairo on America’s relationship with Muslim communities around the world. June 4th, 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/newbeginning/
This document provides instructions for making cheeseburgers, including adding meat and cheese to patties, combining patties and sealing the edges, grilling the patties by cooking each side for 3 minutes over 4 cycles, and then placing the cooked patties on buns with desired condiments.
This document outlines the California Legislature's findings and declarations regarding environmental policy in the state. It discusses the following key points:
- Maintenance of a high-quality environment is important for the health and welfare of current and future Californians.
- Government agencies must take steps to identify environmental thresholds and prevent them from being exceeded to protect public health and safety.
- The policy of the state is to develop and maintain a high-quality environment by protecting natural resources, air and water quality, and minimizing environmental damage from new projects.
- Public agencies should not approve projects with significant environmental effects if there are feasible alternatives or mitigation measures available to reduce impacts. Projects may still be approved if economic or
The document provides information on the Water Pollution Control Act of 1974 in India. It discusses the organizational setup and functions of the Central and State Pollution Control Boards established by the Act. It also defines key terms like pollution and trade effluent. Additional topics covered include common effluent treatment plants, acclimatization of bacteria to treat industrial waste, minimum national standards for effluent discharge, and the process for conducting a waste audit.
The document discusses the Pollution Control Board, its powers and functions regarding water and air pollution in India. It outlines that the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 established the Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Boards to prevent and control water and air pollution. The Central and State Boards are empowered to coordinate programs, issue standards, inspect plants, advise governments, and perform other functions related to pollution prevention.
Water (prevention control of pollution) act 1974Saurabh Negi
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 aims to prevent and control water pollution and maintain or restore water quality. It provides for the establishment of the Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Boards to enforce the provisions of the act. These boards are empowered to establish water quality standards, license trade effluents, and oversee the implementation of measures to treat sewage and trade wastewater before discharge. The act defines water pollution and outlines penalties for violations to its provisions. Its goal is to ensure access to clean water resources through preventing, controlling, and reducing pollution from all sources.
This document discusses pollution control boards and their objectives and functions. It defines key terms like environment and environmental pollution. The objectives of pollution control boards are listed as prevention and control of pollution, afforestation, protection of environment, and conservation of flora and fauna. The functions of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) include promoting clean water, improving air quality, providing guidance to state boards, organizing training programs, and establishing standards. The functions of State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) are advising state governments, conducting research, organizing awareness programs, and performing any functions delegated by the CPCB or state government.
This document summarizes key aspects of the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, which aims to establish a comprehensive water quality management system in the Philippines. Some key points:
- It designates water quality management areas based on physiographic units like watersheds. Each area will have a governing board and technical secretariat to coordinate water quality policies.
- Areas under the Laguna Lake Development Authority's jurisdiction are designated as one management area administered by LLDA.
- The Act defines over 50 terms related to water quality and pollution control. It covers various water bodies and sources of pollution.
- It establishes the policy of pursuing economic growth in a way that protects and preserves water quality, through frameworks for sustainable
The Port Authority of New York and New JerseyProposal for .docxssusera34210
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Proposal for Performing an Environmental Impact Statement and Alternatives Analysis for Modifying or Replacing the Lincoln Tunnel Helix
Proposal for Performance of an Environmental
Impact Statement and Alternative Analysis
–
For Modifying or Replacing the
Lincoln Tunnel Helix
Prepared by:
Greenfield Environmental Consulting
Issued: April 21st, 2015
The Port Authority of
New York and New Jersey
Table of Contents:
Section A – Firm Qualifications and Experience ……………………………………....3
A.1 – Governmental Regulations and Laws …………………………………………………. 4
A.2 – Guideline Documents …………………………………………………………………. 7
A.3 – Environmental Permits ……………………………………………………………….. 12
A.4 – NEPA Lead Agency ………………………………………………………………….. 13
A.5 – Environmental Documentation ……………………………………………………….. 14
Section B – Staff Qualifications and Experience ……………………………………..16
B.1 – Organizational Chart ………………………………………………………………….. 17
B.2 – Personal Profiles and Individual Experience …………………………………………. 18
Caulfield, Christopher ……………………………………………………………………….. 18
Greenleaf, Luke ……………………………………………………………………………… 23
Anderson, David …………………………………………………………………………….. 25
Zyndorf, Oren ……………………………………………………………………………….. 27
Schroeder, Alison …………………………………………………………………………… 30
Lombardi, John …………………………………………………………………………….... 32
Mahmud, Anna …………………………………………………………………………….... 34
Martin, Jonathan …………………………………………………………………………….. 37
Mugabel, Abdul ……………………………………………………………………………... 38
Section C – Technical Approach ……………………………………………………..40
C.1 – Preparation of Environmental Impact Statement ……………………………………... 41
C.2 – No-Action Alternative ………………………………………………………………... 43
C.3 – List of Alternatives to be Reviewed ………………………………………………….. 44
C.4 – Environmental Impact Statement Table of Contents …………………………………. 48
C.5 – Data Analysis Sources ………………………………………………………………... 54
C.6 – Safety Measures ……………………………………………………………………..... 56
C.7 – Public Participation …………………………………………………………………… 59
Section D – Cost and Timetable ……………………………………………………...60
D.1 – Project Schedule ……………………………………………………………………… 61
D.2 – Cost Estimate and Budget …………………………………………………………..... 62
Firm Qualifications and Experience
A
Section
A.1
Governmental Regulations and Laws
Law is defined as the principles and regulations established in a community by some authority and applicable to its people, whether in the form of legislation or of custom and policies recognized and enforced by judicial decision. Laws are actually rules and guidelines that are set up by the social institutions to govern behavior. Laws are made by government officials. Laws must be obeyed by all, including private citizens, groups and companies as well as public figures, organizations and institutions. Laws set out standards, procedures and principles that must be followed. Regulations can be used to define two things; a process of monitoring and enforcing legislations and a written instrument ...
This document provides an overview of environmental protection laws and legislation in India. It discusses how the Indian constitution makes provisions for environmental protection and how the parliament has passed several acts and laws to protect the environment, such as the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986. The act established the central government as the repository of wide powers to take measures for preventing, controlling, and abating environmental pollution across the country. It also discusses the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, which aims to ensure that domestic and industrial effluents are not discharged into water sources without adequate treatment.
The document discusses environmental protection laws in India. It provides an overview of the Constitution of India's provisions for environmental protection and several key Acts passed by the Indian parliament to protect the environment, including the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986. The summary highlights that this Act aims to supplement existing pollution control laws and protect the environment by empowering the central government to take measures against environmental pollution.
This document provides a model riparian buffer ordinance intended to assist municipalities in protecting water quality and riparian areas. It was developed by the Huron River Watershed Council with support from EPA and state agencies. The model ordinance contains definitions, applicability, exemptions and the authority for enacting such an ordinance under state law. It is intended to be adopted or modified by local communities according to their needs and conditions.
This was submitted on October 5th 2009 to the Joint Agency Review Team reviewing the Mount Nemo Quarry. I also provided the experts minutes from OMB case PL071044 to illustrate how a certain firm signed off on the fact their own data was insufficient. I have been monitoring the practices of this agency over years in different locations and have found consistencies in testing methods that result in undermined hydrogeological risks.
The document discusses the history and present status of the Clean Water Act. It began as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in 1948 and was amended and expanded in 1972 following highly polluted incidents like the Cuyahoga River catching fire. The Act established the EPA, water quality standards, and the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. Recent Supreme Court cases have created uncertainty around the definition of "navigable waters," weakening the Act's protections. The future effectiveness of the Act depends on clarifying these definitions and addressing challenges like infrastructure funding and pollution.
b. What construction activities would be regulated under the CWA Why.pdfbarristeressaseren71
b. What construction activities would be regulated under the CWA? Why? (2 pts.) species that
has a tissue lipid concentration of 1%, calculate the theoretical bioaccumulation potential (TBP)
for the necessary organic contaminants in the marina, referensce area and HRS sediments (show
your calculations). (3 pts.) c. Assuming a biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) of 1.7 and
using a test d. Based on your TBP predictions, do you think placement of the dredged material at
the HRS would \"significantly\" reduce the bioaccumulation of DDE from the site? Why? (2 pts.)
e. Does the quality of the marina dredged material meet CWA \"contaminant determination\"
Section 404(b)(1) Guidelines existing for open-water discharge? Why? (2 pts.) . Based on
existing information, would Tier 3 testing of the sediments be necessary? Why? (2 pts.) g Does
discharge of the marina dredged material meet applicable New York State water quality
standards? Why? (2 pts.)
Solution
The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary federal law in the United States governing water
pollution. Its objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity
of the nation\'s waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources, providing assistance
to publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of wastewater treatment, and
maintaining the integrity of wetlands. It is one of the United States\' first and most influential
modern environmental laws. As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes, it is
administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in coordination with state
governments. The Clean Water Act does not directly address groundwater contamination.
Groundwater protection provisions are included in the Safe Drinking Water Act, Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Superfund act. All waters with a \"significant nexus\" to
\"navigable waters\" are covered under the CWA; however, the phrase \"significant nexus\"
remains open to judicial interpretation and considerable controversy. The 1972 statute frequently
uses the term \"navigable waters,\" but also defines the term as \"waters of the United States,
including the territorial seas.\"[.
The document provides information on the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board and its obligations and functions under various pollution control acts and rules in India. It discusses the board's organization and duties, which include implementing environmental policies and regulations. It oversees pollution monitoring and enforcement. The board is empowered to regulate water, air, and hazardous waste pollution under acts like the Water Pollution Act, Air Pollution Act, and Hazardous Waste Rules. It monitors industries, conducts inspections, issues permits, and handles other regulatory responsibilities to prevent and control pollution in Andhra Pradesh.
TOWN OF NANTUCKET BOARD OF HEALTH REGULATIONS
LOCAL REGULATION 75.00
THE CONTENT AND APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER FOR USE ON
NANTUCKET. Background information for presentation during the Buzzards Bay Coalition's 2013 Decision Makers Workshop series. Learn more at www.savebuzzardsbay.org/DecisionMakers
The Ontario Municipal Board recently ruled against the Region of Waterloo for measures the Region took to curb urban sprawl. Here are the reasons why I believe they should rescind their decision.
An OMB case allowed three subdivisions to be built on top of hydrologically sensitive agricultural lands in Waterloo. This powerpoint presented to city staff outlines how the previous ruling fails to comply with the provisions of the Provincial Policy statement and local planning policies. (I later took this issue to the OMB again and won concessions to widen buffer zones to protect Clair Creek and wetlands in the area.to better protect our local water supply's primary recharge zones with OMB case PL071044.)
Introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosy...Iwl Pcu
Kevern Cochrane and Warwick Sauer
Presentation at the 2nd Targeted Workshop for GEF IW Projects in Africa on Economic Valuation in November 2012 in Addis Ababa.
Introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosy...Iwl Pcu
Kevern Cochrane and Warwick Sauer
Presentation at the 2nd Targeted Workshop for GEF IW Projects in Africa on Economic Valuation in November 2012 in Addis Ababa.
White House State of the Union 2016 - Enhanced GraphicsObama White House
On January 12, 2016, President Obama delivered his final State of the Union address to Congress and the nation.
Check out the slides from the enhanced broadcast of his address, featuring charts, graphs, and images that help explain the policies and issues he discussed.
Learn more at WhiteHouse.gov/SOTU.
President Obama penned a letter to Congressman Nadler of New York outlining how the Iran deal is a key piece of our strategy to help our allies in the Middle East counter Iran's destabilizing activities.
This document appears to be notes from a meeting on drought and wildfire between Western governors and White House officials. The agenda includes presentations on drought and wildfires, followed by discussion. The document outlines various federal efforts to address drought, including disaster assistance for workers, water conservation programs, strategic investments, and fire preparedness. It also discusses the impacts of drought on forests and unsustainable increases in wildfire suppression funding.
Everyday acts of kindness and giving back can drive positive change in our nation and address global challenges when people come together through movements like #GivingTuesday. This document encourages supporting neighbors in need through charitable donations and kindness this holiday season to cultivate understanding that we are all part of something greater and can have an impact around the world.
Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865). "Nicolay Copy," Gettysburg Address, 1863. Page 1 and 2. Holograph manuscript. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Gift of Hay family, 1916 (2.5). Courtesy of the National Archives and Library of Congress.
Message: Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the White House FellowsObama White House
This is the President's message commemorating the establishment of the White House Fellows, a prestigious program dedicated to giving the nation’s most promising leaders insight into the inner workings of the Federal government. To learn more visit: http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/fellows.
The minimum wage helps support family incomes, reducing inequality and poverty, but as a slide deck from the Council of Economic Advisers shows, as the real value of the minimum wage has been allowed to erode, it has stopped serving this important purpose.
White House State of the Union 2014 Enhanced Graphics PosterObama White House
On January 28, President Obama delivered the 2014 State of the Union Address to Congress and the nation.
Check out the slides from the enhanced broadcast of his address, featuring charts, graphs, and images that help explain the policies and issues he discussed.
White House State of the Union 2014 Enhanced GraphicsObama White House
On January 28, President Obama delivered the 2014 State of the Union Address to Congress and the nation.
Check out the slides from the enhanced broadcast of his address, featuring charts, graphs, and images that help explain the policies and issues he discussed.
See more at WhiteHouse.gov/SOTU.
President Obama's Handwritten Tribute to the Gettysburg AddressObama White House
150 years after President Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address, President Obama penned a handwritten tribute to President Lincoln's historic remarks.
President Obama believes we have a moral obligation to lead the fight against carbon pollution. Share the details of his plan to help make sure people in your community get the facts.
The document outlines the President's plan to reduce the deficit by more than $4 trillion total through 2023. It details that over $2.5 trillion in deficit reduction has already been signed into law. This includes $1.4 trillion in spending cuts and more than $600 billion in new tax revenue from the wealthy. The President has also offered Speaker Boehner an additional $1.5 trillion in deficit reduction, including $930 billion in spending cuts to defense, health care, and entitlement programs, as well as $580 billion from limiting tax deductions for the wealthy.
Now Is the Time: President Obama's Plan to Reduce Gun ViolenceObama White House
The President’s plan to protect our children and our communities by reducing gun violence.
Learn More: http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/preventing-gun-violence
The document discusses President Obama's proposal to extend middle-class tax cuts. It proposes extending tax cuts for families making under $250,000 per year. This would benefit 114 million middle-class families. Failing to extend the cuts would increase taxes by an average of $1,600 for each of these families. The plan aims to reduce the federal deficit by $1.16 trillion over 10 years by not extending high-income tax cuts for those making over $250,000 annually.
The Obama Administration recognizes that the interconnected challenges in high-poverty neighborhoods require interconnected solutions. The Neighborhood Revitalization Initiative is a community-based approach to help neighborhoods in distress transform themselves into neighborhoods of opportunity.
19072024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
अदालत ने दिल्ली पुलिस की कड़ी आलोचना की और कहा कि जांच से भरोसा नहीं होता क्योंकि उसने “बहुत कम” और “बहुत देर से” काम किया है; इसने आगे टिप्पणी की कि “कानून के रखवाले…कट्टर मानसिकता से प्रेरित लग रहे हैं”
List of Prime Ministers of India -1947 to 20244.pdfVoterMood
Prime Ministers of India: From 1947 to 2024: Get a thorough overview of India's Prime Ministers from 1947 to 2024. This list includes detailed information on each leader's tenure, key policies, and their contributions to India's progress and governance.
Jeffery David Whippo Explains Why Socialism is Ineffectiveandrewhodo
Jeffery David Whippo argues that socialism fails because it takes away our ability to be creative as humans. In this context, incentives are either completely ignored or have very little effect. Socialism is an unworkable theory because it ignores incentives, which makes it incompatible with human nature.
22072024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
China's Schindler: A Jewish Story with ChinaKelvinQin3
China's Schindler is themed on how Chinese diplomats in Vienna helped the Jewish people in Europe escape the Holocaust of Nazi Germany during the WWII. The book also portrays the life stories of some Jewish public figures and their deep ties with China, and illustrates the history, culture and religion of the Jewish people and its lasting connections with China.
This book is believed to be a good choice of references for academic research on Jewish people and its relations with China. It is also a good pick for readers interested in deeper understanding of the history and culture of Jewish people.
23072024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
2024 ADAO's 19th Congressional Staff Briefing “Impact of Asbestos on Public H...Linda Reinstein
ADAO's 19th Congressional Staff Briefing: “Impact of Asbestos on Public Health, Environment, and Economy” with: Amy J. Bahruth, American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO; Brent Kynoch, Environmental Information Association; Linda Reinstein, Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization; Greg Russell, International Association of Fire Fighters; Bob Sussman, JD, Counsel for the Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization; James Williams, Jr., American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, Inc.
20072024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
The Urvashi Rautela Video Leak - Analyzing the Impact and Repercussions.pdfAzura Everhart
The Urvashi Rautela video leak has sparked intense public debate and concern. This analysis explores the broader impact on privacy, media ethics, and the personal and professional repercussions for Rautela.
Source:https://www.theurbancrews.com/celeb/urvashi-rautela-bathroom-video-leak/
Best News Channel in Hindi India - Your Go-To Source for Reliable Updates.pdfTop Stories Worldweb
In the modern world, especially in culturally diverse countries like India, it is essential to be knowledgeable about current events. Hindi-speaking viewers are fortunate to have at least one news channel in their language they can rely on. Here is a look at what sets India’s best news channel in Hindi apart from every other news channel out there.
Net zeroing in on investment: Can the Government deliver a fair transition?ResolutionFoundation
The new Labour Government says it wants clean energy – and wider action on climate change – at the heart of its new economic strategy, pledging to go further and faster on decarbonising electricity, insulating homes, and shifting to electric vehicles than plans in the previous parliament.
These changes will facilitate economic growth and climate recovery in the long run, but the short-term costs in both political and actual capital investment should not be underestimated, and will need to be carefully considered. In particular, the Government should be acting now to ensure the costs are fairly shared, and do not lead to further declines in living standards for low-to-middle income households.
What scale of public investment can be achieved, given the condition of the public finances? How should the Government encourage the levels of private investment required? How can these costs be fairly shared across different regions and households? And will there be enough political will to deliver the investment needed for a fair transition?
रिपोर्ट में 2024 के लोकसभा चुनाव के दौरान हुई कथित गड़बड़ियों पर प्रकाश डाला गया है और वोटों में बढ़ोतरी और दर्ज मतों में संख्यात्मक विसंगतियों के बारे में सांख्यिकीय जानकारी दी गई है।
3. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.)
AN ACT To provide for water pollution control activities in the Public Health Serv-
ice of the Federal Security Agency and in the Federal Works Agency, and for
other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
TITLE I—RESEARCH AND RELATED PROGRAMS
DECLARATION OF GOALS AND POLICY
SEC. 101. (a) The objective of this Act is to restore and main-
tain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s
waters. In order to achieve this objective it is hereby declared that,
consistent with the provisions of this Act—
(1) it is the national goal that the discharge of pollutants
into the navigable waters be eliminated by 1985;
(2) it is the national goal that wherever attainable, an in-
terim goal of water quality which provides for the protection
and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and provides for
recreation in and on the water be achieved by July 1, 1983;
(3) it is the national policy that the discharge of toxic pol-
lutants in toxic amounts be prohibited;
(4) it is the national policy that Federal financial assist-
ance be provided to construct publicly owned waste treatment
works;
(5) it is the national policy that areawide treatment man-
agement planning processes be developed and implemented to
assure adequate control of sources of pollutants in each State;
(6) it is the national policy that a major research and dem-
onstration effort be made to develop technology necessary to
eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the navigable waters,
waters of the contiguous zone and the oceans; and
(7) it is the national policy that programs for the control
of nonpoint sources of pollution be developed and implemented
in an expeditious manner so as to enable the goals of this Act
to be met through the control of both point and nonpoint
sources of pollution.
(b) It is the policy of the Congress to recognize, preserve, and
protect the primary responsibilities and rights of States to prevent,
reduce, and eliminate pollution, to plan the development and use
(including restoration, preservation, and enhancement) of land and
water resources, and to consult with the Administrator in the exer-
cise of his authority under this Act. It is the policy of Congress that
the States manage the construction grant program under this Act
and implement the permit programs under sections 402 and 404 of
3
November 27, 2002
4. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
Sec. 102 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 4
this Act. It is further the policy of the Congress to support and aid
research relating to the prevention, reduction, and elimination of
pollution, and to provide Federal technical services and financial
aid to State and interstate agencies and municipalities in connec-
tion with the prevention, reduction, and elimination of pollution.
(c) It is further the policy of Congress that the President, act-
ing through the Secretary of State and such national and inter-
national organizations as he determines appropriate, shall take
such action as may be necessary to insure that to the fullest extent
possible all foreign countries shall take meaningful action for the
prevention, reduction, and elimination of pollution in their waters
and in international waters and for the achievement of goals re-
garding the elimination of discharge of pollutants and the improve-
ment of water quality to at least the same extent as the United
States does under its laws.
(d) Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, the Ad-
ministrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (hereinafter in
this Act called ‘‘Administrator’’) shall administer this Act.
(e) Public participation in the development, revision, and en-
forcement of any regulation, standard, effluent limitation, plan, or
program established by the Administrator or any State under this
Act shall be provided for, encouraged, and assisted by the Adminis-
trator and the States. The Administrator, in cooperation with the
States, shall develop and publish regulations specifying minimum
guidelines for public participation in such processes.
(f) It is the national policy that to the maximum extent pos-
sible the procedures utilized for implementing this Act shall en-
courage the drastic minimization of paperwork and interagency de-
cision procedures, and the best use of available manpower and
funds, so as to prevent needless duplication and unnecessary
delays at all levels of government.
(g) It is the policy of Congress that the authority of each State
to allocate quantities of water within its jurisdiction shall not be
superseded, abrogated or otherwise impaired by this Act. It is the
further policy of Congress that nothing in this Act shall be con-
strued to supersede or abrogate rights to quantities of water which
have been established by any State. Federal agencies shall co-oper-
ate with State and local agencies to develop comprehensive solu-
tions to prevent, reduce and eliminate pollution in concert with
programs for managing water resources.
(33 U.S.C. 1251)
COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAMS FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
SEC. 102. (a) The Administrator shall, after careful investiga-
tion, and in cooperation with other Federal agencies, State water
pollution control agencies, interstate agencies, and the municipali-
ties and industries involved, prepare or develop comprehensive pro-
grams for preventing, reducing, or eliminating the pollution of the
navigable waters and ground waters and improving the sanitary
condition of surface and underground waters. In the development
of such comprehensive programs due regard shall be given to the
improvements which are necessary to conserve such waters for the
protection and propagation of fish and aquatic life and wildlife, rec-
November 27, 2002
5. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
5 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT Sec. 102
reational purposes, and the withdrawal of such waters for public
water supply, agricultural, industrial, and other purposes. For the
purpose of this section, the Administrator is authorized to make
joint investigations with any such agencies of the condition of any
waters in any State or States, and of the discharges of any sewage,
industrial wastes, or substance which may adversely affect such
waters.
(b)(1) In the survey or planning of any reservoir by the Corps
of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, or other Federal agency, con-
sideration shall be given to inclusion of storage for regulation of
streamflow, except that any such storage and water releases shall
not be provided as a substitute for adequate treatment or other
methods of controlling waste at the source.
(2) The need for and the value of storage for regulation of
streamflow (other than for water quality) including but not limited
to navigation, salt water intrusion, recreation, esthetics, and fish
and wildlife, shall be determined by the Corps of Engineers, Bu-
reau of Reclamation, or other Federal agencies.
(3) The need for, the value of, and the impact of, storage for
water quality control shall be determined by the Administrator,
and his views on these matters shall be set forth in any report or
presentation to Congress proposing authorization or construction of
any reservoir including such storage.
(4) The value of such storage shall be taken into account in de-
termining the economic value of the entire project of which it is a
part, and costs shall be allocated to the purpose of regulation of
streamflow in a manner which will insure that all project purposes,
share equitable in the benefits of multiple-purpose construction.
(5) Costs of regulation of streamflow features incorporated in
any Federal reservoir or other impoundment under the provisions
of this Act shall be determined and the beneficiaries identified and
if the benefits are widespread or national in scope, the costs of such
features shall be nonreimbursable.
(6) No license granted by the Federal Power Commission for a
hydroelectric power project shall include storage for regulation of
streamflow for the purpose of water quality control unless the Ad-
ministrator shall recommend its inclusion and such reservoir stor-
age capacity shall not exceed such proportion of the total storage
required for the water quality control plan as the drainage area of
such reservoir bears to the drainage area of the river basin or ba-
sins involved in such water quality control plan.
(c)(1) The Administrator shall, at the request of the Governor
of a State, or a majority of the Governors when more than one
State is involved make a grant to pay not to exceed 50 per centum
of the administrative expenses of a planning agency for a period
not to exceed three years, which period shall begin after the date
of enactment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972, if such agency provides for adequate representation
of appropriate State, interstate, local, or (when appropriate) inter-
national interests in the basin or portion thereof involved and is ca-
pable of developing an effective, comprehensive water quality con-
trol plan for a basin or portion thereof.
November 27, 2002
6. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
Sec. 103 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 6
(2) Each planning agency receiving a grant under this sub-
section shall develop a comprehensive pollution control plan for the
basin or portion thereof which—
(A) is consistent with any applicable water quality stand-
ards, effluent and other limitations, and thermal discharge reg-
ulations established pursuant to current law within the basin;
(B) recommends such treatment works as will provide the
most effective and economical means of collection, storage,
treatment, and elimination of pollutants and recommends
means to encourage both municipal and industrial use of such
works;
(C) recommends maintenance and improvement of water
quality within the basin or portion thereof and recommends
methods of adequately financing those facilities as may be nec-
essary to implement the plan; and
(D) as appropriate, is developed in cooperation with, and
is consistent with any comprehensive plan prepared by the
Water Resources Council, any areawide waste management
plans developed pursuant to section 208 of this Act, and any
State plan developed pursuant to section 303(e) of this Act.
(3) For the purposes of this subsection the term ‘‘basin’’ in-
cludes, but is not limited to, rivers and their tributaries, streams,
coastal waters, sounds, estuaries, bays, lakes, and portions thereof,
as well as the lands drained thereby.
(d) øRepealed by section 2021(a) of Public Law 104–66 (109
Stat. 726).¿
(33 U.S.C. 1252)
INTERSTATE COOPERATION AND UNIFORM LAWS
SEC. 103. (a) The Administrator shall encourage cooperative
activities by the States for the prevention, reduction, and elimi-
nation of pollution, encourage the enactment of improved and, so
far as practicable, uniform State laws relating to the prevention,
reduction, and elimination of pollution; and encourage compacts be-
tween States for the prevention and control of pollution.
(b) The consent of the Congress is hereby given to two or more
States to negotiate and enter into agreements or compacts, not in
conflict with any law or treaty of the United States, for (1) coopera-
tive effort and mutual assistance for the prevention and control of
pollution and the enforcement of their respective laws relating
thereto, and (2) the establishment of such agencies, joint or other-
wise, as they may deem desirable for making effective such agree-
ments and compacts. No such agreement or compact shall be bind-
ing or obligatory upon any State a party thereto unless and until
it has been approved by the Congress.
(33 U.S.C. 1253)
RESEARCH, INVESTIGATIONS, TRAINING, AND INFORMATION
SEC. 104. (a) The Administrator shall establish national pro-
grams for the prevention, reduction, and elimination of pollution
and as part of such programs shall—
(1) in cooperation with other Federal, State, and local
agencies, conduct and promote the coordination and accelera-
November 27, 2002
7. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
7 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT Sec. 104
tion of, research, investigations, experiments, training, dem-
onstrations, surveys, and studies relating to the causes, effects,
extent, prevention, reduction, and elimination of pollution;
(2) encourage, cooperate with, and render technical serv-
ices to pollution control agencies and other appropriate public
or private agencies, institutions, and organizations, and indi-
viduals, including the general public, in the conduct of activi-
ties referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection;
(3) conduct, in cooperation with State water pollution con-
trol agencies and other interested agencies, organizations and
persons, public investigations concerning the pollution of any
navigable waters, and report on the results of such investiga-
tions;
(4) establish advisory committees composed of recognized
experts in various aspects of pollution and representatives of
the public to assist in the examination and evaluation of re-
search progress and proposals and to avoid duplication of re-
search;
(5) in cooperation with the States, and their political sub-
divisions, and other Federal agencies establish, equip, and
maintain a water quality surveillance system for the purpose
of monitoring the quality of the navigable waters and ground
waters and the contiguous zone and the oceans and the Admin-
istrator shall, to the extent practicable, conduct such surveil-
lance by utilizing the resources of the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmos-
pheric Administration, the Geological Survey, and the Coast
Guard, and shall report on such quality not later than 90 days
after the date of convening of each session of Congress; and
(6) initiate and promote the coordination and acceleration
of research designed to develop the most effective practicable
tools and techniques for measuring the social and economic
costs and benefits of activities which are subject to regulations
under this Act; and shall transmit a report on the results of
such research to the Congress not later than January 1, 1974.
(b) In carrying out the provisions of subsection (a) of this sec-
tion the Administrator is authorized to—
(1) collect and make available, through publications and
other appropriate means, the results of and other information,
including appropriate recommendations by him in connection
therewith, pertaining to such research and other activities re-
ferred to in paragraph (1) of subsection (a);
(2) cooperate with other Federal departments and agen-
cies, State water pollution control agencies, interstate agencies,
other public and private agencies, institutions, organizations,
industries involved, and individuals, in the preparation and
conduct of such research and other activities referred to in
paragraph (1) of subsection (a);
(3) make grants to State water pollution control agencies,
interstate agencies, other public or nonprofit private agencies,
institutions, organizations, and individuals, for purposes stated
in paragraph (1) of subsection (a) of this section;
(4) contract with public or private agencies, institutions,
organizations, and individuals, without regard to sections 3648
November 27, 2002
8. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
Sec. 104 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 8
and 3709 of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 529; 41 U.S.C. 5),
referred to in paragraph (1) of subsection (a);
(5) establish and maintain research fellowships at public
or nonprofit private educational institutions or research organi-
zations;
(6) collect and disseminate, in cooperation with other Fed-
eral departments and agencies, and with other public or pri-
vate agencies, institutions, and organizations having related
responsibilities, basic data on chemical, physical, and biological
effects of varying water quality and other information per-
taining to pollution and the prevention, reduction, and elimi-
nation thereof; and
(7) develop effective and practical processes, methods, and
prototype devices for the prevention, reduction, and elimi-
nation of pollution.
(c) In carrying out the provisions of subsection (a) of this sec-
tion the Administrator shall conduct research on, and survey the
results of other scientific studies on, the harmful effects on the
health or welfare of persons caused by pollutants. In order to avoid
duplication of effort, the Administrator shall, to the extent prac-
ticable, conduct such research in cooperation with and through the
facilities of the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
(d) In carrying out the provisions of this section the Adminis-
trator shall develop and demonstrate under varied conditions (in-
cluding conducting such basic and applied research, studies, and
experiments as may be necessary):
(1) Practicable means of treating municipal sewage, and
other waterborne wastes to implement the requirements of sec-
tion 201 of this Act;
(2) Improved methods and procedures to identify and
measure the effects of pollutants, including those pollutants
created by new technological developments; and
(3) Methods and procedures for evaluating the effects on
water quality of augmented streamflows to control pollution
not susceptible to other means of prevention, reduction, or
elimination.
(e) The Administrator shall establish, equip, and maintain field
laboratory and research facilities, including, but not limited to, one
to be located in the northeastern area of the United States, one in
the Middle Atlantic area, one in the southeastern area, one in the
midwestern area, one in the southwestern area, one in the Pacific
Northwest, and one in the State of Alaska, for the conduct of re-
search, investigations, experiments, field demonstrations and stud-
ies, and training relating to the prevention, reduction and elimi-
nation of pollution. Insofar as practicable, each such facility shall
be located near institutions of higher learning in which graduate
training in such research might be carried out. In conjunction with
the development of criteria under section 403 of this Act, the Ad-
ministrator shall construct the facilities authorized for the National
Marine Water Quality Laboratory established under this sub-
section.
(f) The Administrator shall conduct research and technical de-
velopment work, and make studies, with respect to the quality of
the waters of the Great Lakes, including an analysis of the present
November 27, 2002
9. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
9 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT Sec. 104
and projected future water quality of the Great Lakes under vary-
ing conditions of waste treatment and disposal, an evaluation of
the water quality needs of those to be served by such waters, an
evaluation of municipal, industrial, and vessel waste treatment and
disposal practices with respect to such waters, and a study of alter-
nate means of solving pollution problems (including additional
waste treatment measures) with respect to such waters.
(g)(1) For the purpose of providing an adequate supply of
trained personnel to operate and maintain existing and future
treatment works and related activities, and for the purpose of en-
hancing substantially the proficiency of those engaged in such ac-
tivities, the Administrator shall finance pilot programs, in coopera-
tion with State and interstate agencies, municipalities, educational
institutions, and other organizations and individuals, of manpower
development and training and retraining of persons in, on entering
into, the field of operation and maintenance of treatment works
and related activities. Such program and any funds expended for
such a program shall supplement, not supplant, other manpower
and training programs and funds available for the purposes of this
paragraph. The Administrator is authorized, under such terms and
conditions as he deems appropriate, to enter into agreements with
one or more States, acting jointly or severally, or with other public
or private agencies or institutions for the development and imple-
mentation of such a program.
(2) The Administrator is authorized to enter into agreements
with public and private agencies and institutions, and individuals
to develop and maintain an effective system for forecasting the sup-
ply of, and demand for, various professional and other occupational
categories needed for the prevention, reduction, and elimination of
pollution in each region, State, or area of the United States and,
from time to time, to publish the results of such forecasts.
(3) In furtherance of the purposes of this Act, the Adminis-
trator is authorized to—
(A) make grants to public or private agencies and institu-
tions and to individuals for training projects, and provide for
the conduct of training by contract with public or private agen-
cies and institutions and with individuals without regard to
sections 3648 and 3709 of the Revised Statutes;
(B) establish and maintain research fellowships in the En-
vironmental Protection Agency with such stipends and allow-
ances, including traveling and subsistence expenses, as he may
deem necessary to procure the assistance of the most prom-
ising research fellows; and
(C) provide, in addition to the program established under
paragraph (1) of this subsection, training in technical matters
relating to the causes, prevention, reduction, and elimination
of pollution for personnel of public agencies and other persons
with suitable qualifications.
(4) The Administrator shall submit, through the President, a
report to the Congress not later than December 31, 1973, summa-
rizing the actions taken under this subsection and the effectiveness
of such actions, and setting forth the number of persons trained,
the occupational categories for which training was provided, the ef-
fectiveness of other Federal, State, and local training programs in
November 27, 2002
10. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
Sec. 104 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 10
this field, together with estimates of future needs, recommenda-
tions on improving training programs, and such other information
and recommendations, including legislative recommendations, as
he deems appropriate.
(h) The Administrator is authorized to enter into contracts,
with, or make grants to, public or private agencies and organiza-
tions and individuals for (A) the purpose of developing and dem-
onstrating new or improved methods for the prevention, removal,
reduction, and elimination of pollution in lakes, including the unde-
sirable effects of nutrients and vegetation, and (B) the construction
of publicly owned research facilities for such purpose.
(i) The Administrator, in cooperation with the Secretary of the
department in which the Coast Guard is operating, shall—
(1) engage in such research, studies, experiments, and
demonstrations as he deems appropriate, relative to the re-
moval of oil from any waters and to the prevention, control,
and elimination of oil and hazardous substances pollution;
(2) publish from time to time the results of such activities;
and
(3) from time to time, develop and publish in the Federal
Register specifications and other technical information on the
various chemical compounds used in the control of oil and haz-
ardous substances spills.
In carrying out this subsection, the Administrator may enter into
contracts with, or make grants to, public or private agencies and
organizations and individuals.
(j) The Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard
is operating shall engage in such research, studies, experiments,
and demonstrations as he deems appropriate relative to equipment
which is to be installed on board a vessel and is designed to re-
ceive, retain, treat, or discharge human body wastes and the
wastes from toilets and other receptacles intended to receive or re-
tain body wastes with particular emphasis on equipment to be in-
stalled on small recreational vessels. The Secretary of the depart-
ment in which the Coast Guard is operating shall report to Con-
gress the results of such research, studies, experiments, and dem-
onstrations prior to the effective date of any regulations established
under section 312 of this Act. In carrying out this subsection the
Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating
may enter into contracts with, or make grants to, public or private
organizations and individuals.
(k) In carrying out the provisions of this section relating to the
conduct by the Administrator of demonstration projects and the de-
velopment of field laboratories and reseach facilities, the Adminis-
trator may acquire land and interests therein by purchase, with ap-
propriated or donated funds, by donation, or by exchange for ac-
quired or public lands under his jurisdiction which he classifies as
suitable for disposition. The values of the properties so exchanged
either shall be approximately equal, or if they are not approxi-
mately equal, the values shall be equalized by the payment of cash
to the grantor or to the Administrator as the circumstances re-
quire.
(l)(1) The Administrator shall, after consultation with appro-
priate local, State, and Federal agencies, public and private organi-
November 27, 2002
11. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
11 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT Sec. 104
zations, and interested individuals, as soon as practicable but not
later than January 1, 1973, develop and issue to the States for the
purpose of carrying out this Act the latest scientific knowledge
available in indicating the kind and extent of effects on health and
welfare which may be expected from the presence of pesticides in
the water in varying quantities. He shall revise and add to such
information whenever necessary to reflect developing scientific
knowledge.
(2) The President shall, in consultation with appropriate local,
State, and Federal agencies, public and private organizations, and
interested individuals, conduct studies and investigations of meth-
ods to control the release of pesticides into the environment which
study shall include examination of the persistency of pesticides in
the water environment and alternative thereto. The President shall
submit reports, from time to time, on such investigations to Con-
gress together with his recommendations for any necessary legisla-
tion.
(m)(1) The Administrator shall, in an effort to prevent degrada-
tion of the environment from the disposal of waste oil, conduct a
study of (A) the generation of used engine, machine, cooling, and
similar waste oil, including quantities generated, the nature and
quality of such oil, present collecting methods and disposal prac-
tices, and alternate uses of such oil; (B) the long-term, chronic bio-
logical effects of the disposal of such waste oil; and (C) the poten-
tial market for such oils, including the economic and legal factors
relating to the sale of products made from such oils, the level of
subsidy, if any, needed to encourage the purchase by public and
private nonprofit agencies of products from such oil, and the prac-
ticability of Federal procurement, on a priority basis, of products
made from such oil. In conducting such study, the Administrator
shall consult with affected industries and other persons.
(2) The Administrator shall report the preliminary results of
such study to Congress within six months after the date of enact-
ment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972, and shall submit a final report to Congress within 18 months
after such date of enactment.
(n)(1) The Administrator shall, in cooperation with the Sec-
retary of the Army, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Water Re-
sources Council, and with other appropriate Federal, State, inter-
state, or local public bodies and private organizations, institutions,
and individuals, conduct and promote, encourage contributions to,
continuing comprehensive studies of the effects of pollution, includ-
ing sedimentation, in the estuaries and estuarine zones of the
United States on fish and wildlife, on sport and commercial fishing,
on recreation, on water supply and water power, and on other ben-
eficial purposes. Such studies shall also consider the effect of demo-
graphic trends, the exploitation of mineral resources and fossil
fuels, land and industrial development, navigation, flood and ero-
sion control, and other uses of estuaries and estuarine zones upon
the pollution of the waters therein.
(2) In conducting such studies, the Administrator shall assem-
ble, coordinate, and organize all existing pertinent information on
the Nation’s estuaries and estuarine zones; carry out a program of
investigations and surveys to supplement existing information in
November 27, 2002
12. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
Sec. 104 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 12
representative estuaries and estuarine zones; and identify the prob-
lems and areas where further research and study are required.
(3) For the purpose of this subsection, the term ‘‘estuarine
zones’’ means an environmental system consisting of an estuary
and those transitional areas which are consistently influenced or
affected by water from an estuary such as, but not limited to, salt
marshes, coastal and intertidal areas, bays, harbors, lagoons,
inshore waters, and channels, and the term ‘‘estuary’’ means all or
part of the mouth of a river or stream or other body of water hav-
ing unimpaired natural connection with open sea and within which
the sea water is measurably diluted with fresh water derived from
land drainage.
(o)(1) The Administrator shall conduct research and investiga-
tions on devices, systems, incentives, pricing policy, and other
methods of reducing the total flow of sewage, including, but not
limited to, unnecessary water consumption in order to reduce the
requirements for, and the costs of, sewage and waste treatment
services. Such research and investigations shall be directed to de-
velop devices, systems, policies, and methods capable of achieving
the maximum reduction of unnecessary water consumption.
(2) The Administrator shall report the preliminary results of
such studies and investigations to the Congress within one year
after the date of enactment of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act Amendments of 1972, and annually thereafter not later than
90 days after the date of convening of each session of Congress.
Such report shall include recommendations for any legislation that
may be required to provide for the adoption and use of devices, sys-
tems, policies, or other methods of reducing water consumption and
reducing the total flow of sewage. Such report shall include an esti-
mate of the benefits to be derived from adoption and use of such
devices, systems, policies, or other methods and also shall reflect
estimates of any increase in private, public, or other cost that
would be occasioned thereby.
(p) In carrying out the provisions of subsection (a) of this sec-
tion the Administrator shall, in cooperation with the Secretary of
Agriculture, other Federal agencies, and the States, carry out a
comprehensive study and research program to determine new and
improved methods and the better application of existing methods
of preventing, reducing, and eliminating pollution from agriculture,
including the legal, economic, and other implications of the use of
such methods.
(q)(1) The Administrator shall conduct a comprehensive pro-
gram of research and investigation and pilot project implementa-
tion into new and improved methods of preventing, reducing, stor-
ing, collecting, treating, or otherwise eliminating pollution from
sewage in rural and other areas where collection of sewage in con-
ventional, community-wide sewage collection systems is imprac-
tical, uneconomical, or otherwise infeasible, or where soil conditions
or other factors preclude the use of septic tank and drainage field
systems.
(2) The Administrator shall conduct a comprehensive program
of research and investigation and pilot project implementation into
new and improved methods for the collection and treatment of sew-
November 27, 2002
13. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
13 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT Sec. 104
age and other liquid wastes combined with the treatment and dis-
posal of solid wastes.
(3) The Administrator shall establish, either within the Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency, or through contract with an appro-
priate public or private non-profit organization, a national clearing-
house which shall (A) receive reports and information resulting
from research, demonstrations, and other projects funded under
this Act related to paragraph (1) of this subsection and to sub-
section (e)(2) of section 105; (B) coordinate and disseminate such
reports and information for use by Federal and State agencies, mu-
nicipalities, institutions, and persons in developing new and im-
proved methods pursuant to this subsection; and (C) provide for the
collection and dissemination of reports and information relevant to
this subsection from other Federal and State agencies, institutions,
universities, and persons.
(4) SMALL FLOWS CLEARINGHOUSE.—Notwithstanding section
205(d) of this Act, from amounts that are set aside for a fiscal
year under section 205(i) of this Act and are not obligated by
the end of the 24-month period of availability for such amounts
under section 205(d), the Administrator shall make available
$1,000,000 or such unobligated amount, whichever is less, to
support a national clearinghouse within the Environmental
Protection Agency to collect and disseminate information on
small flows of sewage and innovative or alternative wastewater
treatment processes and techniques, consistent with paragraph
(3). This paragraph shall apply with respect to amounts set
aside under section 205(i) for which the 24-month period of
availability referred to in the preceding sentence ends on or
after September 30, 1986.
(r) The Administrator is authorized to make grants to colleges
and universities to conduct basic research into the structure and
function of fresh water aquatic ecosystems, and to improve under-
standing of the ecological characteristics necessary to the mainte-
nance of the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of fresh-
water aquatic ecosystems.
(s) The Administrator is authorized to make grants to one or
more institutions of higher education (regionally located and to be
designated as ‘‘River Study Centers’’) for the purpose of conducting
and reporting on interdisciplinary studies on the nature of river
systems, including hydrology, biology, ecology, economics, the rela-
tionship between river uses and land uses, and the effects of devel-
opment within river basins on river systems and on the value of
water resources and water related activities. No such grant in any
fiscal year shall exceed $1,000,000.
(t) The Administrator shall, in cooperation with State and Fed-
eral agencies and public and private organizations, conduct con-
tinuing comprehensive studies of the effects and methods of control
of thermal discharges. In evaluating alternative methods of control
the studies shall consider (1) such data as are available on the lat-
est available technology, economic feasibility including cost-effec-
tiveness analysis, and (2) the total impact on the environment, con-
sidering not only water quality but also air quality, land use, and
effective utilization and conservation of fresh water and other nat-
ural resources. Such studies shall consider methods of minimizing
November 27, 2002
14. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
Sec. 104 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 14
adverse effects and maximizing beneficial effects of thermal dis-
charges. The results of these studies shall be reported by the Ad-
ministrator as soon as practicable, but not later than 270 days
after enactment of this subsection, and shall be made available to
the public and the States, and considered as they become available
by the Administrator in carrying out section 316 of this Act and by
the State in proposing thermal water quality standards.
(u) There is authorized to be appropriated (1) not to exceed
$100,000,000 per fiscal year for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1973, the fiscal year ending June 30, 1974, and the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1975, not to exceed $14,039,000 for the fiscal year
ending September 30, 1980, not to exceed $20,697,000 for the fiscal
year ending September 30, 1981, not to exceed $22,770,000 for the
fiscal year ending September 30, 1982, such sums as may be nec-
essary for fiscal years 1983 through 1985, and not to exceed
$22,770,000 per fiscal year for each of the fiscal years 1986 through
1990, for carrying out the provisions of this section, other than sub-
sections (g)(1) and (2), (p), (r), and (t), except that such authoriza-
tions are not for any research, development, or demonstration ac-
tivity pursuant to such provisions; (2) not to exceed $7,500,000 for
fiscal years 1973, 1974, and 1975, $2,000,000 for fiscal year 1977,
$3,000,000 for fiscal year 1978, $3,000,000 for fiscal year 1979,
$3,000,000 for fiscal year 1980, $3,000,000 for fiscal year 1981,
$3,000,000 for fiscal year 1982, such sums as may be necessary for
fiscal years 1983 through 1985, and $3,000,000 per fiscal year for
each of the fiscal years 1986 through 1990, for carrying out the pro-
visions of subsection (g)(1); (3) not to exceed $2,500,000 for fiscal
years 1973, 1974, and 1975, $1,000,000 for fiscal year 1977,
$1,500,000 for fiscal year 1978, $1,500,000 for fiscal year 1979,
$1,500,000 for fiscal year 1980, $1,500,000 for fiscal year 1981,
$1,500,000 for fiscal year 1982, such sums as may be necessary for
fiscal years 1983 through 1985, and $1,500,000 per fiscal year for
each of the fiscal years 1986 through 1990, for carrying out the pro-
visions of subsection (g)(2); (4) not to exceed $10,000,000 for each
of the fiscal years ending June 30, 1973, June 30, 1974, and June
30, 1975, for carrying out the provisions of subsection (p); (5) not
to exceed $15,000,000 per fiscal year for the fiscal years ending
June 30, 1973, June 30, 1974, and June 30, 1975, for carrying out
the provisions of subsection (r); and (6) not to exceed $10,000,000
per fiscal year for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1973, June 30,
1974, and June 30, 1975, for carrying out the provisions of sub-
section (t).
(v) STUDIES CONCERNING PATHOGEN INDICATORS IN COASTAL
RECREATION WATERS.—Not later than 18 months after the date of
the enactment of this subsection, after consultation and in coopera-
tion with appropriate Federal, State, tribal, and local officials (in-
cluding local health officials), the Administrator shall initiate, and,
not later than 3 years after the date of the enactment of this sub-
section, shall complete, in cooperation with the heads of other Fed-
eral agencies, studies to provide additional information for use in
developing—
(1) an assessment of potential human health risks result-
ing from exposure to pathogens in coastal recreation waters,
including nongastrointestinal effects;
November 27, 2002
15. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
15 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT Sec. 105
(2) appropriate and effective indicators for improving de-
tection in a timely manner in coastal recreation waters of the
presence of pathogens that are harmful to human health;
(3) appropriate, accurate, expeditious, and cost-effective
methods (including predictive models) for detecting in a timely
manner in coastal recreation waters the presence of pathogens
that are harmful to human health; and
(4) guidance for State application of the criteria for patho-
gens and pathogen indicators to be published under section
304(a)(9) to account for the diversity of geographic and aquatic
conditions.
(33 U.S.C. 1254)
GRANTS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
SEC. 105. (a) The Administrator is authorized to conduct in the
Environmental Protection Agency, and to make grants to any
State, municipality, or intermunicipal or interstate agency for the
purpose of assisting in the development of—
(1) any project which will demonstrate a new or improved
method of preventing, reducing, and eliminating the discharge
into any waters of pollutants from sewers which carry storm
water or both storm water and pollutants; or
(2) any project which will demonstrate advanced waste
treatment and water purification methods (including the tem-
porary use of new or improved chemical additives which pro-
vide substantial immediate improvement to existing treatment
processes), or new or improved methods of joint treatment sys-
tems for municipal and industrial wastes;
and to include in such grants such amounts as are necessary for
the purpose of reports, plans, and specifications in connection
therewith.
(b) The Administrator is authorized to make grants to any
State or States or interstate agency to demonstrate, in river basins
or portions thereof, advanced treatment and environmental en-
hancement techniques to control pollution from all sources, within
such basins or portions thereof, including nonpoint sources, to-
gether with in stream water quality improvement techniques.
(c) In order to carry out the purposes of section 301 of this Act,
the Administrator is authorized to (1) conduct in the Environ-
mental Protection Agency, (2) make grants to persons, and (3)
enter into contracts with persons, for research and demonstration
projects for prevention of pollution of any waters by industry in-
cluding, but not limited to, the prevention, reduction, and elimi-
nation of the discharge of pollutants. No grant shall be made for
any project under this subsection unless the Administrator deter-
mines that such project will develop or demonstrate a new or im-
proved method of treating industrial wastes or otherwise prevent
pollution by industry, which method shall have industrywide appli-
cation.
(d) In carrying out the provisions of this section, the Adminis-
trator shall conduct, on a priority basis, an accelerated effort to de-
velop, refine, and achieve practical application of:
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16. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
Sec. 105 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 16
(1) waste management methods applicable to point and
nonpoint sources of pollutants to eliminate the discharge of
pollutants, including, but not limited to, elimination of runoff
of pollutants and the effects of pollutants from inplace or accu-
mulated sources;
(2) advanced waste treatment methods applicable to point
and nonpoint sources, including inplace or accumulated sources
of pollutants, and methods for reclaiming and recycling water
and confining pollutants so they will not migrate to cause
water or other environmental pollution; and
(3) improved methods and procedures to identify and
measure the effects of pollutants on the chemical, physical, and
biological integrity of water, including those pollutants created
by new technological developments.
(e)(1) The Administrator is authorized to (A) make, in consulta-
tion with the Secretary of Agriculture, grants to persons for re-
search and demonstration projects with respect to new and im-
proved methods of preventing, reducing, and eliminating pollution
from agriculture, and (B) disseminate, in cooperation with the Sec-
retary of Agriculture, such information obtained under this sub-
section, section 104(p), and section 304 as will encourage and en-
able the adoption of such methods in the agricultural industry.
(2) The Administrator is authorized, (A) in consultation with
other interested Federal agencies, to make grants for demonstra-
tion projects with respect to new and improved methods of pre-
venting, reducing, storing, collecting, treating, or otherwise elimi-
nating pollution from sewage in rural and other areas where collec-
tion of sewage in conventional, community-wide sewage collection
systems is impractical, uneconomical, or otherwise infeasible, or
where soil conditions or other factors preclude the use of septic
tank and drainage field systems, and (B) in cooperation with other
interested Federal and State agencies, to disseminate such infor-
mation obtained under this subsection as will encourage and en-
able the adoption of new and improved methods developed pursu-
ant to this subsection.
(f) Federal grants under subsection (a) of this section shall be
subject to the following limitations:
(1) No grant shall be made for any project unless such
project shall have been approved by the appropriate State
water pollution control agency or agencies and by the Adminis-
trator;
(2) No grant shall be made for any project in an amount
exceeding 75 per centum of cost thereof as determined by the
Administrator; and
(3) No grant shall be made for any project unless the Ad-
ministrator determines that such project will serve as a useful
demonstration for the purpose set forth in clause (1) or (2) of
subsection (a).
(g) Federal grants under subsections (c) and (d) of this section
shall not exceed 75 per centum of the cost of the project.
(h) For the purpose of this section there is authorized to be ap-
propriated $75,000,000 per fiscal year for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1973, the fiscal year ending June 30, 1974, and the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1975, and from such appropriations at least
November 27, 2002
17. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
17 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT Sec. 106
10 per centum of the funds actually appropriated in each fiscal
year shall be available only for the purposes of subsection (e).
(i) The Administrator is authorized to make grants to a mu-
nicipality to assist in the costs of operating and maintaining a
project which received a grant under this section, section 104, or
section 113 of this Act prior to the date of enactment of this sub-
section so as to reduce the operation and maintenance costs borne
by the recipients of services from such project to costs comparable
to those for projects assisted under title II of this Act.
(j) The Administrator is authorized to make a grant to any
grantee who received an increased grant pursuant to section
202(a)(2) of this Act. Such grant may pay up to 100 per centum of
the costs of technical evaluation of the operation of the treatment
works, costs of training of persons (other than employees of the
grantee), and costs of disseminating technical information on the
operation of the treatment works.
(33 U.S.C. 1255)
GRANTS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS
SEC. 106. (a) There are hereby authorized to be appropriated
the following sums, to remain available until expended, to carry
out the purposes of this section—
(1) $60,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1973;
and
(2) $75,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1974,
and the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975, $100,000,000 per fis-
cal year for the fiscal years 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1980,
$75,000,000 per fiscal year for the fiscal years 1981 and 1982,
such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 1983 through
1985, and $75,000,000 per fiscal year for each of the fiscal
years 1986 through 1990;
for grants to States and to interstate agencies to assist them in ad-
ministering programs for the prevention, reduction, and elimi-
nation of pollution, including enforcement directly or through ap-
propriate State law enforcement officers or agencies.
(b) From the sums appropriated in any fiscal year, the Admin-
istrator shall make allotments to the several States and interstate
agencies in accordance with regulations promulgated by him on the
basis of the extent of the pollution problem in the respective States.
(c) The Administrator is authorized to pay to each State and
interstate agency each fiscal year either—
(1) the allotment of such State or agency for such fiscal
year under subsection (b), or
(2) the reasonable costs as determined by the Adminis-
trator of developing and carrying out a pollution program by
such State or agency during such fiscal year,
whichever amount is the lesser.
(d) No grant shall be made under this section to any State or
interstate agency for any fiscal year when the expenditure of non-
Federal funds by such State or interstate agency during such fiscal
year for the recurrent expenses of carrying out its pollution control
program are less than the expenditure by such State or interstate
November 27, 2002
18. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
Sec. 107 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 18
agency of non-Federal funds for such recurrent program expenses
during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1971.
(e) Beginning in fiscal year 1974 the Administrator shall not
make any grant under this section to any State which has not pro-
vided or is not carrying out as a part of its program—
(1) the establishment and operation of appropriate devices,
methods, systems, and procedures necessary to monitor, and to
compile and analyze data on (including classification according
to eutrophic condition), the quality of navigable waters and to
the extent practicable, ground waters including biological mon-
itoring; and provision for annually updating such data and in-
cluding it in the report required under section 305 of this Act;
(2) authority comparable to that in section 504 of this Act
and adequate contingency plans to implement such authority.
(f) Grants shall be made under this section on condition that—
(1) Such State (or interstate agency) filed with the Admin-
istrator within one hundred and twenty days after the date of
enactment of this section:
(A) a summary report of the current status of the
State pollution control program, including the criteria used
by the State in determining priority of treatment works;
and
(B) such additional information, data, and reports as
the Administrator may require.
(2) No federally assumed enforcement as defined in section
309(a)(2) is in effect with respect to such State or interstate
agency.
(3) Such State (or interstate agency) submits within one
hundred and twenty days after the date of enactment of this
section and before July 1 of each year thereafter for the Ad-
ministrator’s approval of its program for the prevention, reduc-
tion, and elimination of pollution in accordance with purposes
and provisions of this Act in such form and content as the Ad-
ministrator may prescribe.
(g) Any sums allotted under subsection (b) in any fiscal year
which are not paid shall be reallotted by the Administrator in ac-
cordance with regulations promulgated by him.
(33 U.S.C. 1256)
MINE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL DEMONSTRATIONS
SEC. 107. (a) The Administrator in cooperation with the Appa-
lachian Regional Commission and other Federal agencies is author-
ized to conduct, to make grants for, or to contract for, projects to
demonstrate comprehensive approaches to the elimination or con-
trol of acid or other mine water pollution resulting from active or
abandoned mining operations and other environmental pollution af-
fecting water quality within all or part of a watershed or river
basin, including siltation from surface mining. Such projects shall
demonstrate the engineering and economic feasibility and practi-
cality of various abatement techniques which will contribute sub-
stantially to effective and practical methods of acid or other mine
water pollution elimination or control, and other pollution affecting
water quality, including techniques that demonstrate the engineer-
November 27, 2002
19. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
19 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT Sec. 108
ing and economic feasibility and practicality of using sewage sludge
materials and other municipal wastes to diminish or prevent pollu-
tion affecting water quality from acid, sedimentation, or other pol-
lutants and in such projects to restore affected lands to usefulness
for forestry, agriculture, recreation, or other beneficial purposes.
(b) Prior to undertaking any demonstration project under this
section in the Appalachian region (as defined in section 403 of the
Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, as amended), the
Appalachian Regional Commission shall determine that such dem-
onstration project is consistent with the objectives of the Appa-
lachian Regional Development Act of 1965, as amended.
(c) The Administrator, in selecting watersheds for the purposes
of this section, shall be satisfied that the project area will not be
affected adversely by the influx of acid or other mine water pollu-
tion from nearby sources.
(d) Federal participation in such projects shall be subject to the
conditions—
(1) that the State shall acquire any land or interests there-
in necessary for such project; and
(2) that the State shall provide legal and practical protec-
tion to the project area to insure against any activities which
will cause future acid or other mine water pollution.
(e) There is authorized to be appropriated $30,000,000 to carry
out the provisions of this section, which sum shall be available
until expended.
(33 U.S.C. 1257)
POLLUTION CONTROL IN GREAT LAKES
SEC. 108. (a) The Administrator, in cooperation with other Fed-
eral departments, agencies, and instrumentalities is authorized to
enter into agreements with any State, political subdivision, inter-
state agency, or other public agency, or combination thereof, to
carry out one or more projects to demonstrate new methods and
techniques and to develop preliminary plans for the elimination or
control of pollution, within all or any part of the watersheds of the
Great Lakes. Such projects shall demonstrate the engineering and
economic feasibility and practicality of removal of pollutants and
prevention of any polluting matter from entering into the Great
Lakes in the future and other reduction and remedial techniques
which will contribute substantially to effective and practical meth-
ods of pollution prevention, reduction, or elimination.
(b) Federal participation in such projects shall be subject to the
condition that the State, political subdivision, interstate agency, or
other public agency, or combination thereof, shall pay not less than
25 per centum of the actual project costs, which payment may be
in any form, including, but not limited to, land or interests therein
that is needed for the project, and personal property or services the
value of which shall be determined by the Administrator.
(c) There is authorized to be appropriated $20,000,000 to carry
out the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) of this section, which
sum shall be available until expended.
(d)(1) In recognition of the serious conditions which exist in
Lake Erie, the Secretary of the Army, acting through the Chief of
November 27, 2002
20. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
Sec. 109 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 20
Engineers, is directed to design and develop a demonstration waste
water management program for the rehabilitation and environ-
mental repair of Lake Erie. Prior to the initiation of detailed engi-
neering and design, the program, along with the specific rec-
ommendations of the Chief of Engineers and recommendations for
its financing, shall be submitted to the Congress for statutory ap-
proval. This authority is in addition to, and not in lieu of, other
waste water studies aimed at eliminating pollution emanating from
select sources around Lake Erie.
(2) This program is to be developed in cooperation with the En-
vironmental Protection Agency, other interested departments,
agencies, and instrumentalities of the Federal Government, and
the States and their political subdivisions. This program shall set
forth alternative systems for managing waste water on a regional
basis and shall provide local and State governments with a range
of choice as to the type of system to be used for the treatment of
waste water. These alternative systems shall include both ad-
vanced waste treatment technology and land disposal systems in-
cluding aerated treatment-spray irrigation technology and will also
include provisions for the disposal of solid wastes, including sludge.
Such program should include measures to control point sources of
pollution, area sources of pollution, including acid-mine drainage,
urban runoff and rural runoff, and in place sources of pollution, in-
cluding bottom loads, sludge banks, and polluted harbor dredgings.
(e) There is authorized to be appropriated $5,000,000 to carry
out the provisions of subsection (d) of this section, which sum shall
be available until expended.
(33 U.S.C. 1258)
TRAINING GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
SEC. 109. (a) The Administrator is authorized to make grants
to or contracts with institutions of higher education, or combina-
tions of such institutions, to assist them in planning, developing,
strengthening, improving, or carrying out programs or projects for
the preparation of undergraduate students to enter an occupation
which involves the design, operation, and maintenance of treat-
ment works, and other facilities whose purpose is water quality
control. Such grants or contracts may include payment of all or
part of the cost of programs or projects such as—
(A) planning for the development or expansion of programs
or projects for training persons in the operation and mainte-
nance of treatment works;
(B) training and retraining of faculty members;
(C) conduct of short-term or regular session institutes for
study by persons engaged in, or preparing to engage in, the
preparation of students preparing to enter an occupation in-
volving the operation and maintenance of treatment works;
(D) carrying out innovative and experimental programs of
cooperative education involving alternate periods of full-time or
part-time academic study at the institution and periods of full-
time or part-time employment involving the operation and
maintenance of treatment works; and
November 27, 2002
21. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
21 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT Sec. 110
(E) research into, and development of, methods of training
students or faculty, including the preparation of teaching mate-
rials and the planning of curriculum.
(b)(1) The Administrator may pay 100 per centum of any addi-
tional cost of construction of treatment works required for a facility
to train and upgrade waste treatment works operation and mainte-
nance personnel and for the costs of other State treatment works
operator training programs, including mobile training units, class-
room rental, specialized instructors, and instructional material.
(2) The Administrator shall make no more than one grant for
such additional construction in any State (to serve a group of
States, where, in his judgment, efficient training programs require
multi-State programs), and shall make such grant after consulta-
tion with and approval by the State or States on the basis of (A)
the suitability of such facility for training operation and mainte-
nance personnel for treatment works throughout such State or
States; and (B) a commitment by the State agency or agencies to
carry out at such facility a program of training approved by the Ad-
ministrator. In any case where a grant is made to serve two or
more States, the Administrator is authorized to make an additional
grant for a supplemental facility in each such State.
(3) The Administrator may make such grant out of the sums
allocated to a State under section 205 of this Act, except that in
no event shall the Federal cost of any such training facilities ex-
ceed $500,000.
(4) The Administrator may exempt a grant under this section
from any requirement under section 204(a)(3) of this Act. Any
grantee who received a grant under this section prior to enactment
of the Clean Water Act of 1977 shall be eligible to have its grant
increased by funds made available under such Act.
(33 U.S.C. 1259)
APPLICATION FOR TRAINING GRANT OR CONTRACT; ALLOCATION OF
GRANTS OR CONTRACTS
SEC. 110. (1) A grant or contract authorized by section 109 may
be made only upon application to the Administrator at such time
or times and containing such information as he may prescribe, ex-
cept that no such application shall be approved unless it—
(A) sets forth programs, activities, research, or develop-
ment for which a grant is authorized under section 109 and de-
scribes the relation to any program set forth by the applicant
in an application, if any, submitted pursuant to section 111;
(B) provides such fiscal control and fund accounting proce-
dures as may be necessary to assure proper disbursement of
and accounting for Federal funds paid to the applicant under
this section; and
(C) provides for making such reports, in such form and
containing such information, as the Administrator may require
to carry out his functions under this section, and for keeping
such records and for affording such access thereto as the Ad-
ministrator may find necessary to assure the correctness and
verification of such reports.
November 27, 2002
22. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
Sec. 111 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 22
(2) The Administrator shall allocate grants or contracts under
section 109 in such manner as will most nearly provide an equi-
table distribution of the grants or contracts throughout the United
States among institutions of higher education which show promise
of being able to use funds effectively for the purpose of this section.
(3)(A) Payments under this section may be used in accordance
with regulations of the Administrator, and subject to the terms and
conditions set forth in an application approved under paragraph
(1), to pay part of the compensation of students employed in con-
nection with the operation and maintenance of treatment works,
other than as an employee in connection with the operation and
maintenance of treatment works or as an employee in any branch
of the Government of the United States, as part of a program for
which a grant has been approved pursuant to this section.
(B) Departments and agencies of the United States are encour-
aged, to the extent consistent with efficient Administration, to
enter into arrangements with institutions of higher education for
the full-time, part-time, or temporary employment, whether in the
competitive or excepted service, of students enrolled in programs
set forth in applications approved under paragraph (1).
(33 U.S.C. 1260)
AWARD OF SCHOLARSHIPS
SEC. 111. (1) The Administrator is authorized to award schol-
arships in accordance with the provisions of this section for under-
graduate study by persons who plan to enter an occupation involv-
ing the operation and maintenance of treatment works. Such schol-
arships shall be awarded for such periods as the Administrator
may determine but not to exceed four academic years.
(2) The Administrator shall allocate scholarships under this
section among institutions of higher education with programs ap-
proved under the provisions of this section for the use of individ-
uals accepted into such programs, in such manner and accordance
to such plan as will insofar as practicable—
(A) provide an equitable distribution of such scholarships
throughout the United States; and
(B) attract recent graduates of secondary schools to enter
an occupation involving the operation and maintenance of
treatment works.
(3) The Administrator shall approve a program of any institu-
tion of higher education for the purposes of this section only upon
application by the institution and only upon his finding—
(A) that such program has as a principal objective the edu-
cation and training of persons in the operation and mainte-
nance of treatment works;
(B) that such program is in effect and of high quality, or
can be readily put into effect and may reasonably be expected
to be of high quality;
(C) that the application describes the relation of such pro-
gram to any program, activity, research, or development set
forth by the applicant in an application, if any, submitted pur-
suant to section 110 of this Act; and
November 27, 2002
23. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
23 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT Sec. 112
(D) that the application contains satisfactory assurances
that (i) the institution will recommend to the Administrator for
the award of scholarships under this section, for study in such
program, only persons who have demonstrated to the satisfac-
tion of the institution a serious intent, upon completing the
program, to enter an occupation involving the operation and
maintenance of treatment works, and (ii) the institution will
make reasonable continuing efforts to encourage recipients of
scholarships under this section, enrolled in such program, to
enter occupations involving the operation and maintenance of
treatment works upon completing the program.
(4)(A) The Administrator shall pay to persons awarded scholar-
ships under this section such stipends (including such allowances
for subsistence and other expenses for such persons and their de-
pendents) as he may determine to be consistent with prevailing
practices under comparable federally supported programs.
(B) The Administrator shall (in addition to the stipends paid
to persons under paragraph (1)) pay to the institution of higher
education at which such person is pursuing his course of study
such amount as he may determine to be consistent with prevailing
practices under comparable federally supported programs.
(5) A person awarded a scholarship under the provisions of this
section shall continue to receive the payments provided in this sec-
tion only during such periods as the Administrator finds that he is
maintaining satisfactory proficiency and devoting full time to study
or research in the field in which such scholarship was awarded in
an institution of higher education, and is not engaging in gainful
employment other than employment approved by the Administrator
by or pursuant to regulation.
(6) The Administrator shall by regulation provide that any per-
son awarded a scholarship under this section shall agree in writing
to enter and remain in an occupation involving the design, oper-
ation, or maintenance of treatment works for such period after
completion of his course of studies as the Administrator determines
appropriate.
(33 U.S.C. 1261)
DEFINITIONS AND AUTHORIZATIONS
SEC. 112. (a) As used in sections 109 through 112 of this Act—
(1) The term ‘‘institution of higher education’’ means an
educational institution described in the first sentence of section
101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (other than an institu-
tion of any agency of the United States) which is accredited by
a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association ap-
proved by the Administrator for this purpose. For purposes of
this subsection, the Administrator shall publish a list of na-
tionally recognized accrediting agencies or associations which
he determines to be reliable authority as to the quality of
training offered.
(2) The term ‘‘academic year’’ means an academic year or
its equivalent, as determined by the Administrator.
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24. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
Sec. 113 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 24
(b) The Administrator shall annually report his activities
under sections 109 through 112 of this Act, including recommenda-
tions for needed revisions in the provisions thereof.
(c) There are authorized to be appropriated $25,000,000 per fis-
cal year for fiscal years ending June 30, 1973, June 30, 1974, and
June 30, 1975, $6,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30,
1977, $7,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1978,
$7,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1979,
$7,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1980,
$7,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1981,
$7,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982, such
sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 1983 through 1985, and
$7,000,000 per fiscal year for each of the fiscal years 1986 through
1990, to carry out sections 109 through 112 of this Act.
(33 U.S.C. 1262)
ALASKA VILLAGE DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS
SEC. 113. (a) The Administrator is authorized to enter into
agreements with the State of Alaska to carry out one or more
projects to demonstrate methods to provide for central community
facilities for safe water and elimination or control of pollution in
those native villages of Alaska without such facilities. Such project
shall include provisions for community safe water supply systems,
toilets, bathing and laundry facilities, sewage disposal facilities,
and other similar facilities, and educational and informational fa-
cilities and programs relating to health and hygiene. Such dem-
onstration projects shall be for the further purpose of developing
preliminary plans for providing such safe water and such elimi-
nation or control of pollution for all native villages in such State.
(b) In carrying out this section the Administrator shall cooper-
ate with the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare for the
purpose of utilizing such of the personnel and facilities of that De-
partment as may be appropriate.
(c) The Administrator shall report to Congress not later than
July 1, 1973, the results of the demonstration projects authorized
by this section together with his recommendations, including and
necessary legislation, relating to the establishment of a statewide
program.
(d) There is authorized to be appropriated not to exceed
$2,000,000 to carry out this section. In addition, there is authorized
to be appropriated to carry out this section not to exceed $200,000
for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1978, and $220,000 for the
fiscal year ending September 30, 1979.
(e) The Administrator is authorized to coordinate with the Sec-
retary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, the
Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development,
the Secretary of the Department of the Interior, the Secretary of
the Department of Agriculture, and the heads of any other depart-
ments or agencies he may deem appropriate to conduct a joint
study with representatives of the State of Alaska and the appro-
priate Native organizations (as defined in Public Law 92–203) to
develop a comprehensive program for achieving adequate sanita-
tion services in Alaska villages. This study shall be coordinated
November 27, 2002
25. Q:COMPWATER2CLEANWAT.001
25 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT Sec. 115
with the programs and projects authorized by sections 104(q) and
105(e)(2) of this Act. The Administrator shall submit a report of the
results of the study, together with appropriate supporting data and
such recommendations as he deems desirable, to the Committee on
Environment and Public Works of the Senate and to the Committee
on Public Works and Transportation of the House of Representa-
tives not later than December 31, 1979. The Administrator shall
also submit recommended administrative actions, procedures, and
any proposed legislation necessary to implement the recommenda-
tions of the study no later than June 30, 1980.
(f) The Administrator is authorized to provide technical, finan-
cial and management assistance for operation and maintenance of
the demonstration projects constructed under this section, until
such time as the recommendations of subsection (e) are imple-
mented.
(g) For the purpose of this section, the term ‘‘village’’ shall
mean an incorporated or unincorporated community with a popu-
lation of ten to six hundred people living within a two-mile radius.
The term ‘‘sanitation services’’ shall mean water supply, sewage
disposal, solid waste disposal and other services necessary to main-
tain generally accepted standards of personal hygiene and public
health.
(33 U.S.C. 1263)
LAKE TAHOE STUDY
SEC. 114. (a) The Administrator, in consultation with the
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, the Secretary of Agriculture,
other Federal agencies, representatives of State and local govern-
ments, and members of the public, shall conduct a thorough and
complete study on the adequacy of and need for extending Federal
oversight and control in order to preserve the fragile ecology of
Lake Tahoe.
(b) Such study shall include an examination of the inter-
relationships and responsibilities of the various agencies of the
Federal Government and State and local governments with a view
to establishing the necessity for redefinition of legal and other ar-
rangements between these various governments, and making spe-
cific legislative recommendations to Congress. Such study shall
consider the effect of various actions in terms of their environ-
mental impact on the Tahoe Basin, treated as an ecosystem.
(c) The Administrator shall report on such study to Congress
not later than one year after the date of enactment of this sub-
section.
(d) There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this sec-
tion not to exceed $500,000.
(33 U.S.C. 1264)
IN-PLACE TOXIC POLLUTANTS
SEC. 115. The Administrator is directed to identify the location
of in-place pollutants with emphasis on toxic pollutants in harbors
and navigable waterways and is authorized, acting through the
Secretary of the Army, to make contracts for the removal and ap-
propriate disposal of such materials from critical port and harbor
November 27, 2002