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How Do Hurricanes Form?

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Hurricanes are the most violent storms on Earth. People call these storms by other names, such as typhoons or cyclones, depending on where they occur.

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The scientific term for ALL of these storms is tropical cyclone. Only tropical cyclones that form over the Atlantic Ocean or eastern and central Pacific Ocean are called “hurricanes.”

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Whatever they are called, tropical cyclones all form the same way.

Tropical cyclones are like giant engines that use warm, moist air as fuel. That is why they form only over warm ocean waters near the equator. This warm, moist air rises and condenses to form clouds and storms.

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As this warmer, moister air rises, there’s less air left near the Earth’s surface. Essentially, as this warm air rises, this causes an area of lower air pressure below.

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This starts the ‘engine’ of the storm. To fill in the low pressure area, air from surrounding areas with higher air pressure pushes in. That “new” air near the Earth’s surface also gets heated by the warm ocean water so it also gets warmer and moister and then it rises.

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As the warm air continues to rise, the surrounding air swirls in to take its place. The whole system of clouds and wind spins and grows, fed by the ocean’s heat and water evaporating from the surface.

As the storm system rotates faster and faster, an eye forms in the center. It is vey calm and clear in the eye, with very low air pressure.

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Tropical cyclones usually weaken when they hit land, because they are no longer being “fed” by the energy from the warm ocean waters. However, when they move inland, they can drop many inches of rain causing flooding as well as wind damage before they die out completely. 

There are five types, or categories, of hurricanes. The scale of categories is called the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and they are based on wind speed.

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How Does NASA Study Hurricanes?

Our satellites gather information from space that are made into pictures. Some satellite instruments measure cloud and ocean temperatures. Others measure the height of clouds and how fast rain is falling. Still others measure the speed and direction of winds.

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We also fly airplanes into and above hurricanes. The instruments aboard planes gather details about the storm. Some parts are too dangerous for people to fly into. To study these parts, we use airplanes that operate without people. 

To learn more about how we study hurricanes, visit: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/main/index.html

Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com.

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JONATHAN CHERRY: What did you want to be growing up?

JOHN FRANCIS PETERS: For a long time I wanted to be a special effects makeup artist. I’d watch a lot of B horror films, which I think is what sparked the interest. I had this little tin box filled with makeup supplies I had collected from places like CVS around Halloween time. I’d apply fake wounds or turn friends and myself into monsters and then we’d go be weirdos in the woods.

JC: Who or what is inspiring you at the moment?

JFP: Over the past year I’ve mainly been studying the work of fine artists and the philosophies behind their process. Some more notable folks such as Richard Tuttle and Agnes Martin, whose theories have fueled my interest in intuitive art making. I’ve also recently started going through the MOMA artist archive, which consists of over 10,000 people haha. It will probably take me a year to get through it all but so far I’ve made really incredible discoveries.

JC: What are you up to right now?

JFP: I’m finalizing a project that I’ve spent three winters making called California Winter. It’s a project about San Diego during this time of year when travelers and other transient folks pass through town on their journeys around America. It’s been quite an experience building this body of work and I’m looking forward to making it into a book this year.

JC: Have you had mentors along the way?

JFP: I’ve had some amazing mentors including creative director Phil Bicker. I was lucky enough to assist Phil for over two years while I was on staff at The FADER Magazine. That experience seriously challenged me on many levels and pushed my understanding of photography into another dimension. Some of the projects I took on with him were - spending about a year or so researching and discovering new photographers around the world and assisting in his intensive editing process for the magazine. We would spend days going over hundreds of images, which were printed out and lined the floors of the long office hallway.

I think one of the most important ideas I had absorbed during that time and I carry with me until now - is the understanding of how to feel photographs and not just see them. This idea he presented to me via work by German photographer Michael Schmidt. We spent some time talking about the emotional response to his work, which is rendered quite subtly in gesture and tone. That discussion kind of cleared a noise from my perception and I suddenly became aware of this very subtle response within myself that was created by the photography I most gravitated toward.

JC: Where are you based right now and how is it shaping you?

JFP: Over the past three years I’ve based myself out of Southern California. Working in this region has dramatically shifted my work for a few reasons – I finally left the New York area where I’ve spent my entire life and the light/environment/culture combination in California is really one of a kind. Just the light here in all its dynamics but specifically in its creation of shadows, has profoundly shifted how I visualize subjects.

It’s also the first time in my life that I’ve been able to completely focus attention on my work in a way I would only have done by living in Los Angeles. If you’re open to it I feel the creative energy in LA leads you to really experimental processes. It partly has to do with the dynamics of being isolated in this massive and kind of unanchored city. The inspirations reveal themselves here through more of an amorphous rhythm that in turn opens you up to a range of creative possibilities.

JC: One piece of advice to photography graduates?

JFP: Well if you haven’t already, I think it’s quite important to take a big step back from your work and honestly ask yourself - What am I doing this all for? Is it for something deeper and less predictable than the norm? I’ve seen some fantastic work come out of photo schools but also work that’s been more or less groomed in preparation for the commercial world. This is not necessarily a bad thing but I feel a main element of true originality - which is pivotal right now not just for individual artists but for the health of the medium - is having depth and multi-dimensional meaning to your work. I think to achieve that you must learn to balance more common goals with a commitment to real experimentation.

JC: If all else fails - what is your plan B?

JFP: This is plan B.

JC: Is it important to you to be a part of a creative community?

JFP: Having a community of creative and honest people around you is incredibly important. The support that you and that community share will have a huge impact on your work’s development and vise-versa. It’s not always a comfortable relationship but it’s a critical part of the work’s development.

Creative communities are also vital right now as our broader social landscape is continuously sped up and bombarded by superficial information - distracting and distorting perception. These communities are places where critical thinkers can share ideas that will hopefully spread out and affect a greater population over time.

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Recent Q&A with Jonathan Cherry at Mull It Over

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Wow Wow Wow

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And just like that my 5.5 years at tumblr has come to an end.

What a rocket ride it was. I always knew it would be.

Big thanks to David and the whole Tumblr team past & present and to all the great friends of tumblr that I have met over the years. There are entirely too many of you to name, but what a magical and fun bit of internet we made for ourselves.  

I am incredibly proud of everything we accomplished and it was a privilege to have learned so much and worked with so many great people on such a wide range of projects. It has been the most rewarding and challenging professional experience of my life and I will always be a proud alumni of tumblr. 

Wow wow wow!!! So what’s next? 

I am taking the summer off and traveling around the world for awhile and staycationing New York for awhile and starting a new thing in the fall and in general I couldn’t possibly be more excited about this next chapter. More on this in coming months and be in touch if you want to hang out and talk about adventures.

Much Love Tumblr Fam! 

<3 Always!
:DS